Oral liquids solutions

Senna is available in the form of tablets, chewable tablets, granules or liquid (oral solution). 

Liquid Oral solution Large volume parenterals (LVPs)... 

Concentrated oral solution - Mix with liquid or semi-solid food such as water, juices, soda or soda-like beverages, applesauce, and puddings. Draw into the dropper the amount prescribed for a single dose. Then squeeze the dropper contents into a liquid or semi-solid food. Stir the liquid or food gently for a few seconds. The entire amount of the mixture, of drug and liquid or drug and food, should be consumed immediately. Do not store for future use. 

Liquid 300 mg (as hydrochloride) per 5 mL Cimetidine Oral Solution Rx) (Barre-National)... 

If possible, take with food. Patients may improve the taste of ritonavir oral solution by mixing with chocolate milk or enteral nutritional therapy liquids (eg, Ensure, Advera) within 1 hour of dosing. The effects of antacids on the absorption of ritonavir have not been studied. 

Oral Solution [Sandimmune 50-ml bofllewilh calibrafed liquid measuring device. 

Mixture are liquid oral preparation, where the medicaments are in solution or suspension form. Mixture are generally not formulated for a long life and prepared freshly. 

S5 ps are the liquid oral preparation made in concentrated sugar solution, mainly for paediatric use and for drugs which are unpleasant in taste. 

In the guide to inspection of oral solutions and suspensions [29], it is stated that in some oral liquids microbiological contamination can present significant health hazard. For instance, microbiological contamination with gram-negative... 

Typically, the concentration of sweeteners in oral solutions or suspensions averages between 30% and 50% of the formulation. In fact, in some cough or cold syrups, the sweetener content is as high as 80%. However, because of a growing population of diabetic patients in the United States, it is advisable to keep the amount of added sweetener (sucrose) as low as possible. Additionally, when natural sweeteners are used, there is an increase risk of microbial contamination and growth in the liquid formulation. 

Choosing an acceptable preservative when developing an oral liquid formulation is primarily limited by the number of approved excipients. As Table 10 demonstrates, there are many preservatives listed in the FDA inactive ingredient guide for dosage forms other than oral liquids however not many have been commonly used in oral solutions or suspensions. 

PG, similar to glycerin, is a multifunctional excipient that can be an effective preservative when used at concentrations of 15% to 30% in oral solutions. However, formulations containing 35% PG can cause hemolysis in humans. PG exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics and when elimination pathways are saturated, serum levels dramatically increase. Pyruvic and lactic acid are produced from the metabolic degradation of PG and can lead to acidosis. Neonates have a longer PG half-life (16.9 hours) compared with adults (5 hours) and seizures, and respiratory depression has occurred in children who have ingested oral liquid medications containing PG (9). Therefore, special consideration should be placed on the amount of PG in formulations that are intended for infants and children. 

The long-term stability of an oral liquid formulation can also be affected by a number of unexpected reasons. Contamination by solvents used during the tank cleaning or even in the manufacture of excipients or API can be a source of instability of an oral solution. Uncontrolled levels of Class I, II, or III solvents could lead to the rejection of a batch or an excipient vendor. Class III solvents have a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg or less per day. (See the International Conferences on Harmonization, Impurities Guidelines for Residual Solvents. Q3C, Federal Register 1997 62(247) 67377 and also http //www.fda.gov/cvm/Guidance/guidelOO.PDF). 

Hydromorphone is available through injections, tablets, oral solution, and suppositories. The usual route of administration is by way of swallowing tablets. For patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets, a flavored oral solution is available. This liquid form of the drug can be poured into a medicine dropper for measurement by the patient or a nurse. The liquid can also be added to soft foods to make it easier for the patient to ingest. Some of these liquid formulations may contain alcohol. 

Solutions. For oral solutions, elixirs, syrups, tinctures, or other solubilized forms, in vivo BA and/or BE can be waived [21 CFR 320.22(b) (3) (i)]. Generally, in vivo BE studies are waived for solutions on the assumptions that release of the drug substance from the drug product is self-evident and that the solutions do not contain any excipient that significantly affects drug absorption [21 CFR 320.22(b)(3) (iii) ]. However, there are certain excipients, such as sorbitol or mannitol, that can reduce the BA of drugs with low intestinal permeability in amounts sometimes used in oral liquid dosage forms. 

T. H. Beasley and H. W. Ziegler, High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of methadone HC1 oral solution, J. Pharm. Sci., 66 1749 (1977). 

Dexamethasone is available in a liquid form (2 mg/5 mL oral solution). 

Syrup An oral solution containing high concentrations of sucrose or other sugars the term has also been used to include any other liquid dosage form prepared in a sweet and viscid vehicle, including oral suspensions. 

Hyoscyamine Sulphate elixir Hyoscyamine Sulfate injection Hyoscyamine Sulphate oral solution Hyoscyamine Sulphate tablets Glass, 1.8 M X 2mm I.D. 3% liquid G3/S1AB Nitrogen 225 FID Hydrobromide USP (24, pp. 851, 852 and 853)... 

Excipients such as mannitol can affect small intestinal transit, which in turn can affect the absorption of certain drugs. Oral solutions are rarely likely to fall short of bioequivalence relative to solid oral formulations, although during the development of a ranitidine effervescent oral solution dosage form containing sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), a marked decrease in absorption was observed in the extent of ranitidine absorption from the liquid formulation relative to the conventional oral tablet. The formulation contained 150 mg ranitidine with 1132 mg SAPP together with 1.5 MBq hndium chloride solutions. Small intestinal transit time was decreased to 56% in the presence of the excipient. The rapid small intestinal transit associated with an excipient of a solution dosage form resulted in a decreased extent of ranitidine absorption. " ... 

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