Liquid nozzle diameter

Generally, the droplet size generated in electrostatic atomization is a function of applied electrical potential, electrode size and configuration, liquid flow rate, liquid nozzle diameter, and liquid properties such as surface tension, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.[121] [124] When a low electrical potential is applied to a liquid, a stream of relatively uniform droplets will form below the liquid discharge nozzle. As the applied electrical potential is increased, the droplets produced become smaller, and the liquid velocity and droplet production rate both increase, with concomitant... 

Wigg s original equation is substituted by liquid nozzle diameter d0. It is uncertain, however, if one could use the liquid nozzle diameter to substitute this length scale, although the prediction of this equation is not sensitive to the choice. In addition, there is evidence that the dependency of droplet size on surface tension is more pronounced in reality than that indicated by this equation. Thus, Yule and Dunkley pointed out that there is scope for exploring the use of other correlations which contain higher powers of surface tension. 

K. Reboiler Return. The top of the reboiler return nozzle should be at least one nozzle diameter plus 12 in. (18 in. minimum) below the bed support. The bottom of the reboiler return nozzle should be 12in. minimum above the high liquid level and at least one nozzle diameter (18in. minimum) above the normal liquid level. ... 

Nozzle Diameter, d Nozzle exit diameter will be equal to or less than the diameter of the line feeding the tank. For a known flow rate of fluid supplied to the jet, the diameter is set by the largest size that will satisfy the requirement that the jet be turbulent or will satisfy the nozzle discharge velocity requirement (if the jet is denser than the tank liquid). For a turbulent flow requirement (both heavy and light jets) ... 

The vessel nozzle diameter (inside) or net free area for relief of vapors through a rupture disk for the usual process applications is calculated in the same manner as for a safety relief valve, except that the nozzle coefficient is 0.62 for vapors and liquids. Most applications in this category are derived from predictable situations where the flow rates, pressures and temperatures can be established with a reasonable degree of certainty. 

Make a preliminary mechanical design for the vertical thermosyphon reboiler for which the thermal design was done as Example 12.9 in Chapter 12. The inlet liquid nozzle and the steam connections will be 50 mm inside diameter. Flat plate end closures will be used on both headers. The reboiler will be hung from four bracket supports, positioned 0.5 m down from the top tube plate. The shell and tubes will be of semi-killed carbon steel. 

The size of liquid droplets produced by a spray nozzle depends upon the nozzle diameter, the fluid velocity, and the fluid properties (which may, under some circumstances, include surface tension). 

Fig. 2 Liquid level in ladle H as a function of time for three values of the nozzle diameter 0.3 to 0.6 m.

Various correlations for mean droplet size generated by plain-jet, prefilming, and miscellaneous air-blast atomizers using air as atomization gas are listed in Tables 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, and 4.10, respectively. In these correlations, ALR is the mass flow rate ratio of air to liquid, ALR = mAlmL, Dp is the prefilmer diameter, Dh is the hydraulic mean diameter of air exit duct, vr is the kinematic viscosity ratio relative to water, a is the radial distance from cup lip, DL is the diameter of cup at lip, Up is the cup peripheral velocity, Ur is the air to liquid velocity ratio defined as U=UAIUp, Lw is the diameter of wetted periphery between air and liquid streams, Aa is the flow area of atomizing air stream, m is a power index, PA is the pressure of air, and B is a composite numerical factor. The important parameters influencing the mean droplet size include relative velocity between atomization air/gas and liquid, mass flow rate ratio of air to liquid, physical properties of liquid (viscosity, density, surface tension) and air (density), and atomizer geometry as described by nozzle diameter, prefilmer diameter, etc. 

The results showed that for all nozzle diameters the decrease in bubble volume with an increase in the continuous phase velocity is nonlinear. Further, for any particular velocity, the reduction in the bubble volume is greater as the liquid viscosity is increased. 

L/C = mass ratio of liquid flow to gas flow nozzle = diameter of the air discharge... 

The characteristic length of the contacting chamber, e.g. the slot width between rotor and stator in teeth-rimed emulsifiers or the nozzle diameter in high pressure homogenizers (utilizing the shear of the high-speed liquid jet) will be denoted as d. 

It is important to note that lai e extents of mass and heat transfer take place near the liquid nozzle. Usually the operation of the venturi scrubber is almost isothermal, except for a few centimeters from the point of liquid injection. The effect of any solid phase in the liquid may be considered negligible the liquid residence time is so short that very little dissolution can take place. An interesting feature is that decreasing the surface tension results in an increase in a because of a decrease in the mean droplet diameter. 

One simple freezing technique forces the liquid under pressure into a swirling bath of refrigerated hexane. Hexane is chosen because aqueous solutions are immiscible, and the freezing point is below that of a dry ice-acetone mixture, the refrigerant used. The liquid stream leaving the nozzle breaks into droplets whose size depends on the nozzle diameter and the hydraulic pressure used. A 0.25 mm nozzle with a pressure of 20 kPa... 

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