Liquid metals/alloys

In liquid metal solutions Z is normally of the order of 10, and so this equation gives values of Ks(a+B) which are close to that predicted by the random solution equation. But if it is assumed that the solute atom, for example oxygen, has a significantly lower co-ordination number of metallic atoms than is found in the bulk of die alloy, dieii Z in the ratio of the activity coefficients of die solutes in the quasi-chemical equation above must be correspondingly decreased to the appropriate value. For example, Jacobs and Alcock (1972) showed that much of the experimental data for oxygen solutions in biiiaty liquid metal alloys could be accounted for by the assumption that die oxygen atom is four co-ordinated in diese solutions. 

Table 18-10 Portland Cement with Liquid Metal Alloy ...

Portland cement Isobutyl alcohol Liquid metal alloy of gallium, indium, and tin of melting point Water 63.4-65.0 0.13-0.17 0.13-0.17 up to 100... 

A liquid metal alloy [36] containing gallium, indium, and tin has been proposed as an additive to Portland cement. A formulation is shown in Table 18-10. The liquid metal alloy has a melting point of 11° C. Its presence does not cause corrosion of stainless steel up to 250° C but causes corrosion of steel alloys at temperature above 35° C, and it dissolves aluminum at room temperature. The alloy is harmless to skin and mucous membranes. 

R. A. Allakhverdiev, B. Khydyrkuliev, and N. V. Reznikov. Plugging solution for repairing oil and gas wells-contains plugging Portland cement, isobutanol, water and liquid metal alloy of gallium, indium and tin, to increase strength of cement stone. Patent SU 1802082-A, 1993. 

Dickey MD, Chiechi RC, Larson RJ, Weiss EA, Weitz DA, Whitesides GM (2008) Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaln) a liquid metal alloy for the formation of stable structures in microchannels at room temperature. Adv Funct Mater 18 1097—1104... 

Most commercial and near-commercial atomization processes for liquid metals/alloys involve two-fluid atomization or centrifugal atomization. As suggested by many experimental observations, two-fluid atomization of liquid metals is typically a three-stage process, 3IX 3 yl whereas centrifugal atomization may occur in three different regimes.[5][320] Many atomization modes and mechanisms for normal liquids may be adopted or directly employed to account... 

As described above, a number of empirical and analytical correlations for droplet sizes have been established for normal liquids. These correlations are applicable mainly to atomizer designs, and operation conditions under which they were derived, and hold for fairly narrow variations of geometry and process parameters. In contrast, correlations for droplet sizes of liquid metals/alloys available in published literature 318]f323ff328]- 3311 [485]-[487] are relatively limited, and most of these correlations fail to provide quantitative information on mechanisms of droplet formation. Many of the empirical correlations for metal droplet sizes have been derived from off-line measurements of solidified particles (powders), mainly sieve analysis. In addition, the validity of the published correlations needs to be examined for a wide range of process conditions in different applications. Reviews of mathematical models and correlations for... 

This number group may be used to determine in which regime a centrifugal atomization takes place for given operation conditions and material properties. Since the group is not dimensionless and the plot was made using SI units, it should be used with caution. From Fig. 4.3, 132°1 it can be seen that for a given liquid metal/alloy at a... 

It should be noted that it is difficult to obtain models that can accurately predict thermal contact resistance and rapid solidification parameters, in addition to the difficulties in obtaining thermophysical properties of liquid metals/alloys, especially refractory metals/al-loys. These make the precise numerical modeling of flattening processes of molten metal droplets extremely difficult. Therefore, experimental studies are required. However, the scaling of the experimental results for millimeter-sized droplets to micrometer-sized droplets under rapid solidification conditions seems to be questionable if not impossible,13901 while experimental studies of micrometer-sized droplets under rapid solidification conditions are very difficult, and only inconclusive, sparse and scattered data are available. 

Another approach that has been explored for plastid transformation is microinjection. Microinjection into discrete plastids of intact plant cells entails the use of a syringe consisting of a submicron diameter glass capillary driven by the thermal expansion of galinstan, a liquid metal alloy... 

Equation (4.70) is a starting point in the determination of diffusivities in liquid metal alloys, but in most real systems, experimental values are difficult to obtain to confirm theoretical expressions, and pair potentials and molecular interactions that exist in liquid alloys are not sufficiently quantified. Even semiempirical approaches do not fare well when applied to liquid alloy systems. There have been some attempts to correlate diffusivities with thermodynamic quantities such as partial molar enthalpy and free energy of solution, but their application has been limited to only a few systems. 

Hanabusa, M., and N. Bloembergen Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in Liquid Metals, Alloys and Salts. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 363—375 (1966). 

X-Ray Scattering by Liquid Metal Alloys (A Kinetic Approach). J. Chem. Phys. 25, 614 (1956). 

Metastable states are not confined to sauce. Metastable states can also occur in systems as diverse as medicines and alloys. Many medicines are suspensions, a metastable state of solids disbursed in liquid. Metal alloys are mixtures of metals that normally have to be heated to very high temperature in order to mix. If the mixture is cooled slowly enough, separation, such as the zone-refining described above, would probably occur. But if the cooling is done quickly, a metastable solid mixture can result. Of course, a metastable state implies that there is another state, a stable... 

The relative partial molar heat contents of the constituents of a liquid metallic alloy can be obtained in ati analogous manner by making use of cells of the type described in 38e, viz., Metal A (liquid) Fused salt of A Solution of A in metal B(liquid). In this case the standard state is taken as pure liquid A, and, consequently, , the standard e.m.f., is zero equation (44.34) then becomes... 

The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity for liquids, metal alloys, and nonconducting solids is more complicated than those mentioned above. Because of these complexities, the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity for a number of materials, as illustrated in Fig. 1,11, does not show a uniform trend. Typical ranges for the thermal conductivity of these materials are given in Table 1.1, We now proceed to a discussion of the foundations of convective and radiative heat transfer. 

Fit] Fitzner, K., Chang, Y.A., The Aetivity Coeffieient of Sulfur in Dilute Binary Liquid Metal Alloys , Chem. Metal - Tribute Carl Wagner, Proe. Symp., 119-135 (1981) (Review, Thermodyn., 45)... 

Metal particle catalyzed chemical vapor deposition Liquid metal and/or liquid metal alloy (Au-Si, Fe-FejC, other) droplets catalyze whisker growth o Si, SiC and other whiskers o Short SiC and SijN fibers o SiC nanowhiskers and batts o Short graphite and carbon fibers o Short carbon TiOj microcoils o Carbon nanotubes (Ugh yields)... 

Metal particle catalyzed chemical vapor infiltration Liquid metal and/or liquid metal alloy droplets 0 Silicon nitride fibers with high strength, 0 Uniform SiN microcoils... 

Laser ablation Liquid metal alloy nanodroplets 0 Single crystal silicon nanowires 0 Single crystal Ge nanowires... 

Metal particle catalyzed arc discharge Liquid ( ) metal alloy droplets o Single/muldple shell carbon and BN nanotubes with high yields... 

Online compositional analysis of liquid metals, alloys, and glasses for process control. 

Different evaluation methods exist, and are generally applied to a family of products. Two important categories are fiequently used that applied to metals and liquid metal alloys and that used for organic products. 

At least in the case of liquid simple metals, a knowledge of the effective pan-potentials describing the interaction between the ions in the liquid metal can also be utilized to calculate g(r) and A K). The most common such method involves the assumption of a hard-sphere potential in the Percus-Yevick (PY) equation its solution provides the hard-sphere structure factor, /4hs( C). (See Ashcroft and Lekner 1966.) The two parameters that must be provided for a calculation of Ahs( ) are the hard-sphere diameter, a, and the packing fraction, x. It is found that j = 0.45 for most liquid metals at temperatures just above their melting points. A hard-sphere solution of the PY equation has also been obtained for binary liquid metal alloys, and provides estimates of the three partial structure factors describing the alloy structure (Ashcroft and Langreth 1967). To the extent that the hard-sphere approximation appears to be valid for the liquid R s, pair potentials should dominate these metals also, at least at short distances. 

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