Atomization processes near-commercial

Most commercial and near-commercial atomization processes for liquid metals/alloys involve two-fluid atomization or centrifugal atomization. As suggested by many experimental observations, two-fluid atomization of liquid metals is typically a three-stage process, 3IX 3 yl whereas centrifugal atomization may occur in three different regimes.[5][320] Many atomization modes and mechanisms for normal liquids may be adopted or directly employed to account... 

Fluorine was first isolated in 1886 by the French chemist Moissan, after nearly 75 years of unsuccessful attempts by several others. For many years after its isolation, fluorine remained little more than a scientific curiosity, to be handled with extreme caution because of its toxicity. Commercial production of fluorine began during World War II, when large quantities were required in the fluorination of uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) to produce uranium hexafluoride (UF6), for the isotopic separation of U235 by gaseous diffusion in the development of the atomic bomb. Today, commercial production methods are essentially variations of the Moissan process, and safe techniques have been developed for the bulk handling of liquid fluorine. 

The modem process for manufacturing nitric acid depends on the catalytic oxidation of NH3 over heated Pt to give NO in preference to other thermodynamically more favour products (p. 423). The reaction was first systematically studied in 1901 by W. Ostwald (Nobel Prize 1909) and by 1908 a commercial plant near Bochum. Germany, was producing 3 tonnes/day. However, significant expansion in production depended on the economical availability of synthetic ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process (p. 421). The reactions occurring, and the enthalpy changes per mole of N atoms at 25 C are ... 

It should be apparent from the discussion above that STM possesses tremendous potential for the elucidation of processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Particularly promising are the prospects for in situ studies of electrode surfaces. Vibrational, electronic, and structural information is obtainable on an atomic scale for electrodes of importance to basic electrochemical studies. Although relatively few electrochemical applications have been demonstrated to date, the availability of commercial instrumentation (c.f.,95-97) ought to increase the accessibility of STM to electrochemists and widespread use of the technique is expected in the near future. 

In the process of photocatalysis, the electrons and holes produced on photoirradiated Ti02 powders are trapped at the particle surface to form unpaired-electron species (step (4) in Fig.D.3). Photocatalytic reactions are actually the reactions of these radicals with reactant molecules at the Ti02 surface. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used for the detection of the photoproduced radicals on Ti02 at low temperatures such as 77 K. It has been reported that photoproduced electrons are trapped at various different sites titanium atoms on the surface or inside the particles, or oxygen molecules adsorbed on the surface. On the other hand, photoproduced holes are trapped at lattice OAygen atoms near the particle surface or at surface hydroxyl groups. We analyzed these radical species for several Ti02 photocatalysts that are commercially available, and found that the differences in the photoproduced radicals resulted from different heat-treatment conditions and the reactivity with several molecules.17)... 

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