Liquid-like domain

The major contribution to Rpp comes from the intermediate wavenumber— that is, from immediate neighbors. In this wavenumber regime, F(q, t) will have the characteristic of either the solid- or the liquid-like domain. Thus the calculated friction will have only two distinct values, that of the solid-like domain and that of the liquid-like domain. The expression of the self-diffusion is now given by... 

The calculated self-consistent MCT values of the viscosity and the friction for the solid-like region are found to be about two orders of magnitude larger than those of the same for the liquid-like domain, and the expressions (252) and (253) reduce to... 

This means that the network structures of gels consisting of (1 3)-)8-d-glucans are different from each other with respect to the linear and branched forms. The C-1 and C-3 chemical shifts from the liquid-like domain of... 

The well-documented network model of agarose gel arises from the junction zones consisting of associated double helical chains [44]. Nevertheless, it is seen that intense NMR signals of agarose gel are clearly visible from the liquid-like domain (Fig. 24.8, top trace) either by conventional NMR spectrometer or DD-MAS experiment, in addition to the intense signals from... 

Fig. 24.8. NMR spectra of agarose gel. Liquid-like domain (top) and solid-like domain (bottom) (Ref. [19]).

Figure 23.2 Schematic representation of the nanostructures of (a) hydrated acidic ionomers such as Nafion, (b) complexes of an oxo-acid and a basic polymer such as PBI-n H3PO4 and (c) proton solvents fully immobilized via flexible spacers (in this particular case the proton solvent (phosphonic acid) also acts as a protogenic group). Note, that there are different types of interaction between the polymeric matrices (green) and the liquid or liquid-like domains (blue). The protonic charge carriers (red) form within the liquid or liquid-like domain, where proton conduction takes place.

Both types of heterogeneous systems discussed above comprise a polymeric domain and a low molecular weight liquid-like domain containing the proton sol-... 

Recently, due to increased interest in membrane raft domains, extensive attention has been paid to the cholesterol-dependent liquid-ordered phase in the membrane (Subczynski and Kusumi 2003). The pulse EPR spin-labeling DOT method detected two coexisting phases in the DMPC/cholesterol membranes the liquid-ordered and the liquid-disordered domains above the phase-transition temperature (Subczynski et al. 2007b). However, using the same method for DMPC/lutein (zeaxanthin) membranes, only the liquid-ordered-like phase was detected above the phase-transition temperature (Widomska, Wisniewska, and Subczynski, unpublished data). No significant differences were found in the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on the lateral organization of lipid bilayer membranes. We can conclude that lutein and zeaxanthin—macular xanthophylls that parallel cholesterol in its function as a regulator of both membrane fluidity and hydrophobicity—cannot parallel the ability of cholesterol to induce liquid-ordered-disordered phase separation. 

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the 13C (or 15N) spin-lattice relaxation times (7"i), spin-spin relaxation (T2), and H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (Tlp) for the liquid-like and solid-like domains, as a function of the correlation times of local motions. 13C (or 15N) NMR signals from the solid-like domains undergoing incoherent fluctuation motions with the correlation times of 10 4-10 5 s (indicated by the grey colour) could be lost due to failure of attempted peak-narrowing due to interference of frequency with proton decoupling or magic angle spinning.

Dynamic parameters for heterogeneous systems have been explored in the liquid, liquid like, solid like, and solid states, based on analyses of the longitudinal or transverse relaxation times, chemical exchange based on line-shape analysis and separated local field (SLF), time domain 1H NMR, etc., as summarized in Figure 3. It is therefore possible to utilize these most appropriate dynamic parameters, to explore the dynamic features of our concern, depending upon the systems we study. 

Condensed monolayer films of pure 6 polymerized rapidly, as did mixed 6/DSPE films of up to 75% DSPE, provided the monolayers were in the condensed state [33], In the liquid-expanded state, polymerization did not occur. In the condensed state, lateral diffusion of individual lipids within the monolayer is severely restricted compared to the liquid-like state. This precludes initiation of polymerization by diffusive encounter between excited-state and ground-state diacetylene lipids. In order for polymerization to occur in the condensed state, the film must be separated into domains consisting of either pure 6 or pure DSPE. A demonstration that the rates of photopolymerization for pure 6 and mixed 6/DSPE monolayers are equal would be a more stringent test for separate domains of the lipids, but no kinetic data have been reported for this system. 

The electron beam source commonly used has a coherence width of about 100 A. This means that sharp diffraction features are obtained only if the regions of well-ordered atoms ( domains ) are of (100 A) or larger. Diffraction from smaller size domains gives rise to beam broadening and finally to the disappearance of detectable diffraction from a disordered (liquid-like) surface. 

Fig. 2. The behavior of the magnetization vector (i) is shown in response to the application of a single 7i/2 r.f. pulse along V, (ii). The decay of the magnetization vector in the x -y plane yields the received time-domain signal, called the FID, shown in (iii). The result of a Fourier transformation of the FID is the spectrum shown in (iv). For a liquid-like sample, the full-width at half-maximum-height of the spectral signal is l/itV) (Section II.A.2).

Short range order in liquid-like systems as well as long range order in crystalline domains are reflected in WAXS-patterns very dearly. Some examples of calculated X-ray patterns from PTFE (Phase I), a smectic LC-phase and even a PE melt, show that our model covers a wide range of macromolecular structures running the whole scale from crystalline systems over mesophases up to polymer melts. The range of intra- and intermolecular order can be estimated fairly well with the help of density correlation functions. 

As mentioned in Chapter 1 and earlier in this chapter, the presence of microcrystalline domains in an amorphous (random coil) polymer matrix has the effect of stiffening the material, generating opalescence rather than transparency, and raising the temperature at which the material can be used before it undergoes liquid-like flow. 

Figure 13.11 (a) Thread-like domains in a nematic liquid crystal of thickness 100 j,m viewed under... 

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