Liquid chromatography /electrochemistry applications

Liquid chromatography/electrochemistry (LCEC) has become recognized as a powerful tool for the trace determination of easily oxidizable and reducible compounds. This is because detection of as little as 0.1 pmol of material is readily accomplished with relatively simple and inexpensive equipment. Initial interest in LCEC was generated by the determination of several aromatic matabolites of tyrosine in the central nervous system. However, the application of LCEC into other areas of biochemistry has begun at a growing pace. A bibliography of LCEC applications is available... 

Kissinger, P.T., Ed. "Principles and Applications of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry" BAS Press West Lafayette, Indiana, 1984. 

Khaledi MG, Dorsey JG (1985) Hydro-organic and micellar gradient elution liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Chem 57 2190-2196 Kissinger PT (1989) Biomedical applications of liquid chromatography-electrochemistry. J Chromatogr 488 31-52... 

D.M. Radzik and S.M. Lunte, Application of liquid-chromatography electrochemistry in pharmaceutical and biochemical-analysis - a critical review, CRC Crit. Rev. Anal Chem., 1989, 20, 317-358. 

D. M. Radzik, S. M. Lunte Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis," CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistiy 20 (1989) no. 5, 317. 

Fenn, R. J., Siggia, S., and Curran, D. J., Liquid chromatography detector based on single and twin electrode thin-layer electrochemistry application to the determination of catecholamines in blood plasma, Anal. Client., 50, 1067,1978. 

With the availability of less expensive and more dependable commercial instruments, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is quickly becoming the industry standard. However, the role of electrochemistry in pharmaceutical analysis has been well defined, and will likely continue to be preferentially employed in applications where low analyte concentrations, small sample volumes, or complex sample matrices requiring high specificity challenge the analytical method. 

The electrochemistry-based microfluidic amperometric sensor provides a powerful platform for the p-TAS for point of care diagnosis due to its natural properties like disposability, low cost, easy fabrication, etc. The applications relating to it have been extended to liquid chromatography, immunoassay, and determination of biomolecules like peroxide and nucleic acids. 

A liquid is defined as a medium which takes the shape of its container without necessarily filling it. Water is the most abundant liquid on earth and is essential for living systems, and non-aqueous liquids are widely used as solvents in synthetic, analytical, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, spectroscopy, chromatography and crystallography. Molten metals are also considered to be liquid solvents. We may also consider another property that distinguishes liquids the response of a liquid to an applied force is mainly inelastic that is a liquid does not return to its original shape following the application, then removal, of a force. 

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