Liquid-borne particles

Rion Laser Based Liquid-borne Particle Counter uses an optional sampler and sideways scatter to allow off-line, on-line and automatic measurement down to 0.2 pm using a range of configurations. A range of sensors is available for use with either corrosive or aqueous liquids. 

Lieberman, A., Parameters Controlling Counting Efficiency for Optical Liquid-borne Particle Counters in Semiconductor Fabrication Technology and Metrology, ASTM STP 990, Ed. Gupta, D. C., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, 1989. 

Lee, H. S., Chae, S. K., Liu, B. Y. H, Size Characterization of Liquid-borne Particles by Light Scattering Coimters, Part Part Syst Charact, 1989,6, 93-99. 

ASTM F65 8-87(1992) Standard Practice for Defining Size Calibration, Resolution, and Counting Accuracy of a Liquid-Borne Particle Counter Using Near-Monodisperse Spherical Particulate Material... 

Lines, R.W. 1996. The electrical sensing zone method (The Coulter Principle). In Liquid and Surface Borne Particle Measurement Handbook. (J.Z. Knapp, ed.) pp. 113-154 Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Climet manufacture the following range of instruments for liquid-borne and air-borne particle counting. 

Following Spielman and the aims of this book, our discussion is confined to the capture of particles in liquid suspension from low-speed laminar flows, where the particles are generally small compared with the collector. The two principal transport mechanisms are (a) Brownian diffusion for submicrometer-size particles, and (b) interception of micrometer-size, nondiffusing, inertia free particles with the collector as a consequence of geometrical collision due to particles following fluid streamlines. Inertial impaction, which can be important for gas-borne particles, is usually unimportant for particles in liquids, because the particle—fluid density difference is smaller and the higher viscosity of liquids resists movement relative to the fluid (Spielman 1977). In this section we shall... 

Barber, T. A., 1996. Image analysis (automated microscopy) for particle size. In Knapp, J. Z., T. A. Barber A. Lieberman (eds.) Liquid- and Surface-borne Particle Measurement Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 61-112. 

Off-line analyses involve collecting samples of the solids fractions, dispersing them and analyzing them off-line, often using a liquid-borne technique. This method is more accurate than real time on-line methods and it is often the most user friendly. Still, it has one important drawback. When collecting a particle sample from the process stream and re-dispersing it in liquid, one... 

The holographic method is a relatively new imaging technique developed about three decades ago. Since then, this method has been used in the study of airborne and liquid-borne particulate systems in their real world environments [21]. In a holographic experiment, images are formed in a two-step process. In the first step, a collimated coherent light is used to illuminate the sample. A hologram is formed by the far-field diffraction patterns of all the particles in the... 

Xu, R, Referenee Materials in Partiele Measurement, in Liquid and Surface-Borne Particle Measurement Handbook, Eds. Knapp, J. Z., Barber, T. A., Lieberman, A., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, Chpt.l6, pp.709-720. 

Practical separation techniques for hquid particles in gases are discussed. Since gas-borne particulates include both hquid and sohd particles, many devices used for dry-dust collection (discussed in Sec. 17 under Gas-Sohds Separation ) can be adapted to liquid-particle separation. Also, the basic subject of particle mechanics is covered in Sec. 6. Separation of liquid particulates is frequently desirable in chemical processes such as in countercurrent-stage contacting because hquid entrainment with the gas partially reduces true countercurrency. Separation before entering another process step may be needed to prevent corrosion, to prevent yield loss, or to prevent equipment damage or malfunc tion. Separation before the atmospheric release of gases may be necessaiy to prevent environmental problems and for regula-toiy compliance. 

Specific correlations of individual film coefficients necessarily are restricted in scope. Among the distinctions that are made are those of geometry, whether inside or outside of tubes for instance, or the shapes of the heat transfer surfaces free or forced convection laminar or turbulent flow liquids, gases, liquid metals, non-Newtonian fluids pure substances or mixtures completely or partially condensable air, water, refrigerants, or other specific substances fluidized or fixed particles combined convection and radiation and others. In spite of such qualifications, it should be borne in mind that very few proposed correlations are more accurate than + 20% or so. 

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