Lindane study

Finally, three of four lindane studies under the National Toxicology program were scheduled for completion in 1985 (ref. 89. p. 60). 

The effects of occupational exposure to lindane have been investigated extensively (96—100). These studies indicated that occupational exposure to lindane resulted in increased body burdens of this chemical however, toxic effects associated with these exposures were minimal and no central nervous system disorders were observed. This is in contrast to the polyneuropathies that are often observed after exposure to other haloorganic solvents. 

It is also clear that it is difficult to relate cause and effect to any specific chemical since, with the exception of point source effluents, many waterways contain a multitude of chemicals, of which the active endocrine disruptor may not be that which has been measured in the water or tissue. For such reasons, many studies have used in vitro experiments in which isolated tissue, either from a control animal or one captured in a polluted water system, is exposed to a single pollutant in the laboratory. Such experiments have shown significant disruption to testicular activity by a wide range of xenobiotics, including cadmium, lindane, DDT, cythion, hexadrin and PCBs. ... 

HCH soil contamination in the Irkutsk oblast was found in 7-10% of the studied areas in Moldova the area grows to 37%, and in Turkmenia to 50% [31]. In one of a series of measurements made in the 1970s in Ukraine, lindane was found in 26% of 136 soil samples taken from different places, with the range in its concentration being from 0.1-5 mg/kg ( MPC is 0.1) [3]. In the 1983 grain harvest, 16 mg/kg of lindane was detected [3], while the MPC does not permit its presence [8]. In the Moscow oblast, where lindane content in the soil was 0.6-1.2 mg/kg, the... 

Because the more complicated model that required numerical solution still neglected important effects, we chose to use a simple analytical model for convenience. We chose Oddson s because its major features had been verified by Huggenberger (15, 16) for lindane, one of the compounds in our study. Oddson included the kinetics of adsorption by assuming that the rate of adsorption is proportional to the difference between the amount that has already adsorbed and the equilibrium value ... 

The data presented here indicates that the extent of binding for a particular compound is related to the octanol/water partition coefficient for that compound. This is very similar to the sorption of compounds from water to sediment. Compounds with log Kow values less than four (such as Lindane) will probably not be bound to an appreciable extent in the environment. Compounds with very high log Kow values (DDT and DEHP) may be bound to a significant extent. The extent of binding will depend on both the concentration of humic material and on the nature of the humic material. The humic materials used in this research showed dramatically different affinities for DDT. The reasons for this are poorly understood and deserve further study. 

Wilson and co-workers [332, 333] have discussed the determination of aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, o,p and p,p isomers of DDT and its metabolites, mirex, and toxaphene in seawater and molluscs. The US environmental Protection Agency has also published methods for organochlo-rine pesticides in water and wastewater. The Food and Drug Administration (USA) [334] has conducted a collaborative study of a method for multiple organochlorine insecticides in fish. Earlier work by Wilson et al. [333, 335] in 1968 indicated that organochlorine pesticides were not stable in seawater. 

Aspila et al. [338] reported the results of an interlaboratory quality control study in five laboratories on the electron capture gas chromatographic determination of ten chlorinated insecticides in standards and spiked and unspiked seawater samples (lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, 5-chlordane, a-chlordane, dield-rin, endrin, p, p -DDT, methoxychlor, and mirex). The methods of analyses used by these workers were not discussed, although it is mentioned that the methods were quite similar to those described in the water quality Branch Analytical Methods Manual [339]. Both hexane and benzene were used for the initial extraction of the water samples. 

Our studies (Galiulin and Bashkin, 1996) accomplished in Klyazma and Ivan kovsk water reservoirs suggested loss or leaching of HCH and lindane in relatively little transformed form fromLPA because the oc- andy-isomers content was similar (Table I). The proportion of DDT in bottom sediments of the Klyazma river, tributaries of the Moskva and Oka rivers (Moscow region) was as (DDE + DDD)/DDT < 1, suggesting relatively little insecticide transformation in silts of bottom sediments. 

See also Aminal growth studies Animal testing, cosmetics, 7 825 Animal toxicity, lindane and... 

Hassoun E, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, et al. 1993. Comparative studies on lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks induced by lindane, DDT, chlordane and endrin in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol 104C(3) 427-431. 

Among the organochlorine insecticides studied, lindane was the least affected chemical. This somewhat surprising, since it has been known that lindane is susceptible to dechlorination as well as dehydrochlorination just like DDT. Such differences in substrate susceptibility to this flavoprotein-stimulated photodegradation process indicate some degree of specificity and point to the need for future studies. 

TRW Systems, Inc., conducted a laboratory-scale incineration study for the U.S. Army from 1973 to 1975 (9). Eleven individual pesticide formulations and three mixed pesticide formulations containing six different active ingredients (chlordane, 2,4-D, DDT, dieldrin, lindane, and 2,4,5-T) were incinerated in a liquid injection incinerator. The experimental apparatus consisted of a fuel atomizer, combustion chamber, afterburner, quench chamber, and scrubber unit. Destruction efficiencies exceeded 99.99% for a minimum 0.4-s residence time at temperatures above 1000°C with 45 to 60% excess air. 

In a study which examined the role of the protein 2. -globulin in 1,4-dichlorobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats, NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) rats, known not to S5mthesize the hepatic form of the 2. -globulin, were administered 500 mg/kg/day 1,4-dichlorobenzene by gavage in com oil for 4 consecutive days. Positive controls consisted of Fischer 344 male rats treated with lindane the results were also compared with those obtained in a group of female Fischer 344 rats treated with lindane. End points examined consisted of kidney lesions and protein droplet evaluation. 2.-Globulin was detected in kidney sections from male Fischer 344 rats, but not in male NBR or female Fischer 344 rats. No lesions or hyaline droplets were detected in treated or control male NBR and female Fischer 344 rats (Dietrich and Swenberg 1991). 

Chaturvedi (1993) also examined the effect of mixtures of 10 pesticides (alachlor, aldrin, atrazine, 2,4-D, DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, lindane, parathion, and toxaphene) administered by oral intubations or by drinking water on the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in male mice. He concluded, The pesticide mixtures have the capability to induce the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, which possibly would not have been observed with individual pesticides at the doses and experimental conditions used in the study. ... 

The US EPA set a drinking water limit of 0.2 parts per billion (ppb) of lindane. Industrial dumping sites such as the one in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania contain an estimated 400 tons of lindane waste and other waste dumped over a 50-year period on 30 acres of land. The runoffs from this site as well as others have the potential to contaminate drinking water with lindane. Lindane is regularly detected in surface water in the United States (see US Geological Survey monitoring studies). 

Zargari O, Golchai J, Sobhani A, Dehpour AR, Sadr-Ashkevari S, Alizadeh N et al. Comparison of the efficacy of topical 1% lindane vs 5% permethrin in scabies a randomized, double-blind study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006 72(l) 33-6. 

In the same MAFF study other long half-life OCs were also found in human fat (Table 10.7). Again these residues are indicative of the subjects lifetime exposures to these pesticides rather than indicating recent exposure. It is interesting that the shortest environmental half-life OC, namely lindane, has the lowest human fat residue frequency. 

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