Limonene chlorinated

Limonene (88) is known to react with one or two equivalents of hydrogen chloride the monohydrochloride (105) is conveniently prepared in carbon disulphide. The dihydrochloride (106) reacts with chlorine in a complex way Carman and Venzke have shown how the trichloride (107) and tetrachloride (108) are formed, the latter being identical with the product obtained from terpinolene (89) and iodobenzene dichloride. Zinc-alcohol reduction of the tetrachloride leads to the 1,2-cts-dichloride (109), which will, in turn, add hydrogen chloride to give a second trichloride (110). " Carman and Venzke have shown that the... 

Another contamination of citrus peel oils comes from chlorine-treated water used in the oil recovery process and sanitizers used in postharvest handling and process equipment cleaning, which serve as a potential source of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) (73). HOCl can react with a variety of terpenes similar to d-limonene in structure, including hmonene, a-pinene, and a-terpineol, resulting in the formation of terpene chlorohydrins. The contamination of terpene chlorohydrins could be reduced through reduction of the chlorine levels in the treatment water (74). 

Phase-transfer addition (c/. Vol. 6, p. 31) of dibromocarbene to carvone and reduction to a monobromo-ketone by tributyltin hydride, or to a dibromo-alcohol with lithium aluminium hydride, is reported/ 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of acetonitrile oxide occurs exclusively at the exocyclic double bond in limonene to give (155 R = Me, X = Hi), whereas isoxazoline formation with carvone yields (155 R = Me, X —O) and the isomeric product from attack at the C-6 double bond benzonitrile oxide, however, only yields (155 R = Ph, X = 0 or NOH). A re-investigation of aqueous chlorination of a -terpineol indicates that the diequator-ial chlorohydrin (156) and the corresponding diaxial chlorohydrin are the major... 

Cleaning products rank at or near the top of chemical mixtures that induce asthma. I5>3>1 These products are almost always mixtures of lipophiles and hydrophiles and are formulated that way to ensure maximum cleaning power. Chemicals contained in cleaning products include chlorine, acids, alkalis, glycol ethers, ammonia, ethanol, isopropanol, d-limonene, ionic and nonionic surfactants, ethanolamines, phenols, and others. 

Preformed microemulsions containing co-solvents and co-surfactants have been used for laboratory experiments [94] and a field test [55] in Canada. The systems were developed for the extraction of a viscous oil containing up to 16% of chlorinated solvents from a site at Ville Mercier. The contaminant is a DNAPL with a density of 1.05 g/cm3 and thus exhibits only a small density difference compared to chlorinated solvents [94]. It could not be extracted effectively by the usual Winsor I systems containing n-butanol as a co-surfactant. The addition of solvents was necessary for effective solubilisation of the contaminant [94]. A preformed microemulsion containing D-limonene, toluene, n-butanol, Hostapur SAS (secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt) and water was injected into a field test site at Thouin Sand Pit near Montreal. In previous column experiments, a composition of 13.16% D-limonene, 13.16% toluene, 9.21% n-butanol, 9.21% Hostapur SAS and 0.3% of sodium ortho-silicate in water was used as a preformed microemulsion for the extraction of DNAPL from Ville Mercier. 

The products of peracid oxidation of limonene have also been re-examined. Wylde and Teulon have shown that the best method for making pure cis-or trans- limonene 1,2-epoxides, a mixture of which is obtained by direct peracid oxidation in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, is to treat this mixture with hydrogen chloride in ether, when the two diaxial chlorohydrins (122) and (123) are obtained with practically no equatorially substituted isomers. Of these two isomers only (122) forms a p-nitrobenzoate, allowing (123) to be distilled from the residue. Treatment of the nitrobenzoate of (122) with methanolic potassium hydroxide now leads to the c/s-epoxide (120) similar treatment of... 

Whereas aromatic hydrocarbons (especially the higher molecular weight materials) have high POCP and MIR values, many of the common esters and alcohols have lower values. Chlorinated solvents, because they are very unreactive, do not react significantly with nitrogen monoxide and therefore generally have very low POCP values (see section 6.2.1). Some of the natural VOCs (e.g. terpenes and limonene) have high POCP values. 

In the industry of insecticides, one of the central issues is to develop products that are not harmful to the environment and to human health. It has been shown that a-pinene, camphor and limonene can be good natural repellents for insects [155]. Besides the use of geraniol in the industry of fragrances, this compoxmd has also proven effective as a mosquito repellent [156, 157]. Terpene halides, 3-carene, and toxaphene, a chlorinated camphene, are important for agriculture because of their use as pesticides [158, 159]. However, especially for toxaphene, several restriction issues have been raised because of its pollutant capacity and carcinogenic potential in humans [159-161]. 

Sherratt [14] and others [15] have provided complete descriptions of the preparation of TFE. The overall yield of TFE production depends on the pyrolysis reaction. The products of pyrolysis are cooled, scrubbed with a dilute basic solution to remove HCl and dried. The resulting gas is compressed and distilled to recover the unreacted CHCIF and high-purity TFE. Polymerization of TFE to a high molecular weight requires extreme purity to remove all traces of telogenic hydrogen or chlorine-bearing impurities, can autopolymerize if it is not inhibited with terpenes, such as a-pinene, Terpene B, or d-limonene [16]. 

Chem. Descrip. Modified 2 1 coco diethanolamide Uses Emulsifier for solvents, d-limonene, terpenes, aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons Properties Cl, liq,... 

Uses Used in preparing micro emulsion D -limonene concentrates Properties Amber cl. liq. sol. in chlorinated and terpene soivs. insol, or disp. in water, min. oil, aliphatic soivs., alcohols, and glycols sp.gr. 1.04 g/ml pH 6.0-8.0 (10% in DW) 75% cone. 

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