Lignosulphonates

Dispersed Non-inhibited 1. Fresh water clay based fluids. Sodium chloride less than 1%, calcium ions less than 120 ppm a. Phosphate low pH (pH to 8.5) b. Tannin—high pH (pH 8.5-11+) c. Lignite d. Chrome lignosulphonate (pH 8.5-10)... 

Tables 10.4 and 10.5 set out phosphate-cycle control limits. These control limits are for non-highly rated, FT and WT boilers and assume that modem polymeric sludge conditioners are employed (i.e., not starches, lignosulphonates, etc.).

Fig. 14. Solid-state NMR spectrum of an acetylated lignosulphonic acid (A) and corresponding spectrum of its demethylated sulfur derivative (B), 441...

V. S. Kotelnikov, S. N. Demochko, V. G. Fil, and I. S. Marchuk. Drilling mud composition—contains carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic polymer, ferrochrome lignosulphonate, cement and water. Patent SU 1829381-A, 1996. 

V. S. Kotelnikov, S. N. Demochko, M. P. Melnik, and V. P. Mikitchak. Improving properties of drilling solution—by addition of ferrochrome-lignosulphonate and aqueous solution of cement and carboxymethyl cellulose. Patent SU 1730118-A, 1992. 

S. V. Martyanova, A. A. Chezlov, A. G. NigmatuUina, L. A. Rskareva, and R. D. Shamsutdinov. Production of lignosulphonate reagent for drilling muds—by initial heating with sulphuric acid, condensation with formaldehyde, and neutralisation of mixture with sodium hydroxide. Patent RU 2098447-C, 1997. 

Y. V. Vasilchenko and I. G. Luginina. Binder for cementing low-temperature wells—contains modified lignosulphonate(s), potash and cement of specified composition, to increase bending strength of cement rock. Patent SU 1749199-A, 1992. 

P. Ya. Zeltser. Plugging solution for oil and gas industry—contains plugging Portland cement, lignosulphonate(s), waste from formic acid production obtained at stage of decomposition of sodium formate, and water. Patent SU 1730431-A, 1992. 

Tyagi RD, Tran FT, Polprasert C. 1988. Bioconversion of lignosulphonate into lignin and hydrogen sulfide by mutualistic bacterial system. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology 3 90-98. 

Naphthalene and other aromatic hydrophobes are also used to produce sulphonates, such as structure 9.17. Of greater importance, however, are the more complex condensation products that form the basis of many excellent dispersing, resist and aftertreating (syntan) agents. Typical examples are the condensation products of naphthalenesulphonates with formaldehyde, and the lignosulphonates derived from pulping processes these are described in more detail in section 10.6.1. 

The condensation products of formaldehyde with arylsulphonates or lignosulphonates, these being the major types of polyelectrolyte of interest in the manufacture and use of... 

The lignosulphonates comprise a variable group of products derived from wood pulping. 

Table 12.11 Conductivity and print paste viscosity data for various salts of lignosulphonate dispersant [91]...

Lignosulphonate cationic salt Conductance (m.mhos) at 5% dispersant concentration Print paste viscosity (cps) at 25 °C... 

Fenton s reagent chemistry has been used for the direct self-bonding of wood particles. Indirect methods, involving the use of surface-activated fibres in combination with other bonding agents such as furfural and lignosulphonates, have also been studied (Philippou, 1982 Philippou etal, 1982). Since the use of Fenton s reagent requires the presence of... 

Chen, R. and Kokta, B.V. (1982). Graft copolymerisation of lignosulphonate with methacrylic acid and acrylate monomers. In Graft Polymerisation of Lignocellulosic Fibers, Hon, D.N.S. (Ed.). ACS Symposium Series, 187, pp. 285-299. 

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