Particle lignosulphonates

Fenton s reagent chemistry has been used for the direct self-bonding of wood particles. Indirect methods, involving the use of surface-activated fibres in combination with other bonding agents such as furfural and lignosulphonates, have also been studied (Philippou, 1982 Philippou etal, 1982). Since the use of Fenton s reagent requires the presence of... 

In the present system of pesticide suspension plus bentonite and a dispersing agent of lignosulphonate, the mechanism of "gel" formation is more complex, since there may be some interaction between the clay and pesticide particles. Moreover, the role of the dispersing agent is not very clear. However, since the trend... 

The measurements of the branching parameter of various lignin fractions, led to conclusion that the chains of the lignin molecules in solution are densely packed or crosslinked [110, 111]. Rezanowich and co-workers [112] observed by electron microscopy that the lignosulphonates (LS) form spherical particles of a wide range of sizes. Recently, the results obtained using AFM (atomic force microscopy) had confirmed the fact that LS molecules in aqueous solutions form a crosslinked network structure, the shape of LS molecules changing with its concentration in aqueous solution [96]. 

The morphology of cement hydration products is very little affected by plasticizers [349]. In some works the reduction of ettringite crystal size [367] and of calcium hydroxide [368] in the presence of lignosulphonates is reported. This effect can be attributed to frequently long lasting adsorption of plasticizer particles on the sirrface of crystals [367]. 

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