Lignite effects

Fig. 11. Effect of coal rank on furnace sizing (constant heat output) (82), where W = width, D = depth, and h and H are the heights indicated. A represents medium volatile bituminous B, high volatile bituminous or subbituminous C, low sodium lignite D, medium sodium lignite and E, high...

Adsorption. Adsorption (qv) is an effective means of lowering the concentration of dissolved organics in effluent. Activated carbon is the most widely used and effective adsorbent for dyes (4) and, it has been extensively studied in the waste treatment of the different classes of dyes, ie, acid, direct, basic, reactive, disperse, etc (5—22). Commercial activated carbon can be prepared from lignite and bituminous coal, wood, pulp mill residue, coconut shell, and blood and have a surface area ranging from 500—1400 m /g (23). The feasibiUty of adsorption on carbon for the removal of dissolved organic pollutants has been demonstrated by adsorption isotherms (24) (see Carbon, activated carbon). Several pilot-plant and commercial-scale systems using activated carbon adsorption columns have been developed (25—27). 

Quebracho-treated freshwater muds were used in drilling at shallow depths. The name of red mud comes from the deep red color imparted to the mud by quebracho. Muds treated with a mixture of lignite and quebracho, or a mixture of alkaline organic polyphosphate chemicals (alkaline-tannate treated muds), are also included in the quebracho treated muds. The quebracho thinners are very effective at low concentrations, and offer good viscosity and filtration control. The pH of red" muds should be 8.5 to 10 mud temperature should be lower than 230°F. 

Chromium lignosulfonates are the biggest contributions to heavy metals in drilling fluids. Although studies have shown minimal environmental impact, substitutes exist that can result in lower chromium levels in muds. The less used chromium lignites (trivalent chromium complexes) are similar in character and performance with less chromium. Nonchromium substitutes are effective in many situations. Typical total chromium levels in muds are 100-1000 mg/1. 

Resources, Conservation Recycling 23,Nos.l-2, 1998,p.47-56 ORGANIC SOLVENT EFFECTS ON WASTE PLASTICS-LIGNITE COLIQUEFACTION... 

Conventional fuel sources are petroleum and coal (including lignite). Our modem way of life is intimately dependent upon fossil fuels or mineral fuels. Conventional energy sources based on petroleum and coal have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time damaging to the environment and to human health (Akella et al., 2009). 

Lignite samples were predried at 105 for 2 hours to remove the water which is a major component hence its removal, in effect, concentrates the mineral species. After drying, the samples were crushed using a mortar and pestle to pass 75 ym. The dried lignite powder was then mounted in a standard aluminium mounting plate and placed in a Philips x-ray diffractometer with a Rigaku power source. A Co x-ray tube was used to suppress fluorescence of any elemental species. The resultant diffraction pattern was resolved using the JCPDS -ICDD Powder diffraction index. 

These results, particularly the indication of a sequential mechanism involving an initial production of liquids which are subsequently hydrotreated on the molybdenum catalyst, were the experimental basis for probing further into the first step - liquids formation - with particular interest in whether the unusually high concentration of organic sulfur in the Mequinenza lignite might have some effect on the liquefaction behavior. 

However, only charcoals, coal, lignite, and peat are used in industrial applications. Although they are not as effective as synthetic organic exchangers, their low cost makes them an appealing choice. Before selecting these materials, one should keep in mind that... 

Sensitiveness to shock. T. Urbanski [30] has reported that PETN is exploded with a 50% probability on impact by a kinetic energy of 0.20 kgm/cm2 (in comparison with about 0.95 kgm/cm3 needed for tetryl). The data of Naofim [31] and Izzo [32] are similar. Stettbacher [33] on the other hand considered the sensitiveness to impact of PETN to be almost the same as that of tetryl. On account of its relatively high sensitiveness PETN is generally used after being desensitized ( phlegma-tized ) by adding 10% of montan (lignit) wax. This desensitization has practically no effect on the completeness of detonation. 

Not all of the interest in mineral matter in coals is stimulated by its detrimental effects during coal use. In several instances coal is a source of desired elements and materials. Uranium has been produced from lignite germanium and sulfur could be produced from coal and coal ash has been used for construction materials such as brick, lightweight aggregate, and road paving material. 

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