Lignin amine derivatives

Indulin(8i [Westvaco] Kraft lignin or amine derivs. stabilizer, dispersant, adsorbent, emulsifier, retarding agent, antistrippbig active for asphalt emulsions, cements. 

Other important derivatives of kraft lignin are lignin amine draivatives prepared by the Mannich reaction [48-50]. Some sulphonated kraft lignins that are used as dispersants are also ethoxylated [51]. 

Chem. Descrip. Amine deriv. of pine lignin tonic Nature Cationic CAS 110152-584... 

The modification of lignins with chlorophosphazenes allows the manufacture of products characterized by flame resistance and thermal stability. This can be attributed to the aromatic structure of the lignin-phosphazene polymer as well as to the presence of such flame inhibiting elements as phosphorous, nitrogen and sulfur. Other useful properties may also result from this combination. It has previously been reported (8-13) that the modification provides crosslinked products with suitably low chlorine content. This is a consequence of incomplete substitution of the phosphazenes cycles. Additional modification of the reaction products by chemical compounds with reactive hydroxyl or amine groups reduces the unreacted chlorine content and improves product properties (8-13). Some properties of the derivatives obtained are presented in Table I. 

Biosynthesis H. are formed together with the neutral or weakly acidic humines from dead plant material (probably from the lignins) in the course of compost formation in the soil by chemical and biological processes (humification). Their composition is not uniform and depends on the type of phenol- and amine-containing precursors. Furthermore, the more strongly acidic fitlvic acids (fulvinic acids) are derived from H. but have markedly lower molecular masses. H. occur in normal field soil to 1 -2%, in chernozem (black soil) to 2-7%, in meadow soil 10%, and in marshy soils to 10-20%. They improve the physical structure of the... 

Humic acids are built from the polyhydroxylated benzene derivatives synthesized by soil fungi. These polyphenols are autoxidable and easily form the corresponding quinones, which add other phenolic compounds, amines, or amino acids by nucleophilic substitutions (see Fig. 165). The resulting products may be subjected to further oxidation or substitution. The high molecular weight, extremely complex, brown compounds formed are termed humic acids. Humic acids, which may also be derived from lignins (D 22.2.3), represent the major portion of the organic substance of soils. 

Parajuli D, Kawakita H, Inoue K, Funaoka M (2(X)6) Recovery of gold (III), palladium(II), and platinum(IV) by aminated lignin derivatives. Indust Eng Chem Res 45 6405-6412... 

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