Lighting quality factors

Suspended particles are the most important factor in visibility reduction. In most instances, the visual quality of air is controlled by partide scattering and is characterized by the extinction coeffident The size of particles plays a crucial role in their interaction with light. Other factors are the refractive index and shape of the particles, although their effect is harder to measure and is less well understood. If we could establish these properties, we could calculate the amount of light scattering and absorption. Alternatively, the extinction coeffident associated with an aerosol can be measured directly. 

Freely suspended liquid droplets are characterized by their shape determined by surface tension leading to ideally spherical shape and smooth surface at the subnanometer scale. These properties suggest liquid droplets as optical resonators with extremely high quality factors, limited by material absorption. Liquid microdroplets have found a wide range of applications for cavity-enhanced spectroscopy and in analytical chemistry, where small volumes and a container-free environment is required for example for protein crystallization investigations. This chapter reviews the basic physics and technical implementations of light-matter interactions in liquid-droplet optical cavities. 

Small size and light weight with minimum packaging Secondary quality factors... 

A simpler and perhaps more concise definition might state Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. This definition embraces two things that we demand from an electrical device performance and life expectancy. Any power-related problem that compromises either attribute is a power quality concern. In light of this definition of power quality, this chapter provides an introduction to the more common power quality terms. Along with definitions of the terms, explanations are included in parentheses where necessary. This chapter also attempts to explain how power quality factors interact in an electrical system. 

Au nanorods are especially appealing as TPL probes due to their high quality factors at NIR wavelengths and their sensitivity to incident polarization, which can provide additional orientational information.217,225 The TPL intensities of Au nanorods have been shown to have a cos4 relation with respect to the polarization of incident light, and are at a maximum when aligned with their longitudinal axes (Fig. 10.10). The two-photon absorption cross-section of individual Au... 

Regardless of the kind of process-distribution system that is used, the same quality factors must be maintained in the lightly-processed products, namely flavor, texture, and appearance. Microbiological quality and nutritional quality are also important, but they will not be dealt with in this communication. 

It is not uncommon to find that a treatment which enhances the stability of one quality factor causes another factor to become unacceptable. A chemical additive, such as calcium chloride, may improve the textural quality of a fruit product, but it can also produce unacceptable flavors. Blanching, to inactivate enzymes that cause darkening, destroys the fresh-like textural quality that is desired in lightly processed fruits and vegetables. 

An experimental quantity which can provide valuable informations on steps on layer crystal surfaces as well as on recombination or trapping processes is the diode quality factor. The dependence of the photopotential on the light intensity follows frequently a logarithmic law (Up = photopotential, IL = light intensity)... 

The probability of commitment to these various developmental fates is affected by many factors but especially by nutritional status, plant hormones, and light quality and quantity. Nutritional status will not be dealt with in this article. Light quality and quantity will be discussed briefly at this point and subsequently the roles of auxin and cytokinin will be examined in some detail. 

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