Light-emitting diodes, conducting polymers

Polymer light-emitting diodes Conducting wires Thin films... 

These novel properties are the basis for a number of application including polymer light emitting diodes (LEDs), polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), conducting polymers as electrochromic materials, polymer photodetectors and polymer photovoltaic cells. These application areas are discussed in detail in Section VII. 

XI. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES AND BATTERIES BASED ON CONDUCTING POLYMERS... 

G Gustafsson, Y Cao, GM Treacy, F Klavetter, N Colaneri, and AJ Heeger, Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers, Nature, 357 477-479, 1992. 

W.H. Kim, A.J. Makinen, N. Nikolov, R. Shashidhar, H. Kim, and Z.H. Kafafi, Molecular organic light-emitting diodes using highly conducting polymers as anodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 3844-3846 (2002). 

Baytron , a conducting polymer [154] derived from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, is a commercially available product that can be used as an antistatic or electrostatic coating of plastics and glass. Moreover, it has successfully been applied as counterelectrode in capacitors and as a hole-injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes [155]. 

Since the discovery of doped polyacetylene, a range of polymer-intense semiconductor devices have been studied including normal transistors and field-effect transistors (FETs), and photodiodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Like conductive polymers, these materials obtain their properties due to their electronic nature, specifically the presence of conjugated pi-bonding systems. 

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