Light-emitting diodes, conducting

Polymer light-emitting diodes Conducting wires Thin films... 

Semiconductors are materials that are characterized by resistivities iatermediate between those of metals and of iasulators. The study of organic semiconductors has grown from research on conductivity mechanisms and stmcture—property relationships ia soHds to iaclude appHcations-based research on working semiconductor junction devices. Organic materials are now used ia transistors, photochromic devices, and commercially viable light-emitting diodes, and the utility of organic semiconductors continues to iacrease. 

XI. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES AND BATTERIES BASED ON CONDUCTING POLYMERS... 

G Gustafsson, Y Cao, GM Treacy, F Klavetter, N Colaneri, and AJ Heeger, Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers, Nature, 357 477-479, 1992. 

T. Yamamoto, K. Sugiyama, T. Kushida, T. Inoue, and T. Kanbara, Preparation of new electron-accepting Tr-conjugated polyquinoxalines. Chemical and electrochemical reduction, electrically conducting properties, and use in light-emitting diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 3930-3937, 1996. 

W.H. Kim, A.J. Makinen, N. Nikolov, R. Shashidhar, H. Kim, and Z.H. Kafafi, Molecular organic light-emitting diodes using highly conducting polymers as anodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 3844-3846 (2002). 

Baytron , a conducting polymer [154] derived from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, is a commercially available product that can be used as an antistatic or electrostatic coating of plastics and glass. Moreover, it has successfully been applied as counterelectrode in capacitors and as a hole-injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes [155]. 

Since the discovery of doped polyacetylene, a range of polymer-intense semiconductor devices have been studied including normal transistors and field-effect transistors (FETs), and photodiodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Like conductive polymers, these materials obtain their properties due to their electronic nature, specifically the presence of conjugated pi-bonding systems. 

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