Levonorgestrel intrauterine system

Women with migraine headaches, history of thromboembolic disease, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, SLE with vascular disease, and hypertriglyceridemia are good candidates for progestin-only methods (e.g., minip-ills, DMPA, and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system). Women older than 35 years who are smokers or are obese, or who have hypertension or vascular disease, should use progesterone-only methods. 

Andersson K, Guillebaud J. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system more than a contraceptive. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2001 6(Suppl l) 15-22. 

Istre O, Trolle B. Treatment of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Fertil Steril 2001 76(2) 304-9. 

Lahteenmaki P, Rauramo I, Backman T. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in contraception. Steroids 2000 65(10-ll) 693-7. 

Backman T, Huhtala S, Blom T, Luoto R, Rauramo I, Koskenvuo M. Length of use and symptoms associated with premature removal of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system a nation-wide study of 17,360 users. BJOG 2000 107(3) 335-9. 

Mirena (Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System). Schering Health Care Ltd. UK Summary of product characteristics, July 2004. 

Goni AZ, Lacruz RL, Paricio JJP, Hernandez Rivas FJ. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system as an alternative to hysterectomy for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009 25 581-6. 

Cytotoxicity In women, copper-based intrauterine devices as effective contraceptives have long been used. However, an analysis of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) concluded significant efficacy and lower side effects compared to a copper T380A (intrauterine device), except for acne reported in LNG-IUS. LNG-IUS also shows improved duration of menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhoea and haemoglobin levels [87 , 88 J. 

Other complications (acne, alopecia, and pruritus) have been associated with Mirena, an intrauterine system containing levonorgestrel. 

Suhonen S, Haukkamaa M, Jakobsson T, Rauramo I. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women a comparative study. Contraception 2004 69 407-12. 

Radesic B, Sharma A. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for treating menstrual disorders a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2004 44 247-51. 

Levonorgestrel-releasing (20 microgram/day) intrauterine systems (Mirena) compared with other methods of reversible contraceptives. BJOG 2000 107(10) 1218-25. 

Acceptability of the long-term contraceptive levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system Mirena a 3-year followup. Contraception 2003 67 87-91. 

Some preliminary but well-designed work has suggested that by inserting a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system it may be possible to limit considerably the problems posed by unscheduled uterine bleeding (75). 

Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Abrams KR, Brown LJ, Khanna S, Al-Azzawi F, Bell SC, Taylor DJ. Endometrial protection from tamoxifen-stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000 356(9243) 1711-7. 

Wildemeersch, D., et al. 2004. Endometrial safety with a low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system after 3 years of estrogen substitution therapy. Maturitas 48 65. 

Wildemeersch D, Dhont M, Temmerman M, Delbarge W, Schacht E, Thiery M. GyneFix-LNG preUminary clinical experience with a copper and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1999 4(1) 15-19. 

Wildemeersch D, Schacht E. Endometrial suppression with a new frameless levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women a pilot study. Maturitas 2000 36(l) 63-8. 

Kesim MD, Aydin Y, Atis A, Mandiraci G. Long-term effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on serum lipids and the endometrium in breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen. Climacteric 2008 11 252-7. 

Daud S, Ewies AAA. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system why do some women dislike it Gynecol Endocrinol 2008 24 686-90. 

Wagner T, Mattie V, Wildt L, Fiala C. Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system an Austrian perspective. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009 21 Sl-9. 

Kelekci S, Kelekci KH, Yitmaz B. Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and T380A intrauterine copper device on dysmenorrhea and days of bleeding in women with and without adenomyosis. Contraception 2012 86(5) 458-63. 

Mirena is a relatively new intrauterine contraceptive device that releases levonorgestrel into the uterine cavity for 5 years. Use of this contraceptive device is associated with fewer systemic progestin side effects and is at least as effective as Norplant. 

Wildemeersch D, Janssens D, Schacht E, Pylyser K, De Wever N. Intrauterine levonorgestrel delivered by a frameless system, combined with systemic estrogen acceptability and endometrial safety after 3 years of use in peri- and postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005 20 336-42. 

A systematic review of Mirena, an intrauterine progestogen release system (56), has attracted correspondence (57,58). Like other devices, Mirena releases levonorgestrel, in this case 20 micrograms/day. Since it had no greater efficacy than the Copper T device and was very much more costly, the debate has turned on safety. Amenorrhea is common with this device, as with others like it, and correspondents have pointed out that this is regarded by many women as an unwelcome complication. 

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