Level explanation

Although abundant evidence supports the existence of snch an antoimmnne phenomenon, the causative event that heralds this self-directed immune-mediated attack remains uncertain. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to afford a molecular-level explanation of autoimmunity. One such explanation is molecular mimicry. Molecular mimicry occurs when a protein associated with a foreign substance bears structural similarities to a protein found in the host. For example, if a person experiences an infection from bacteria, there is a possibility that a protein in the bacterium shares certain similar geometrical and conformational features with a protein already existing in the person. Thus, an immune response directed against the bacteria will cross-react with organs in the host organism. 

There are no detailed specihcation documents for any of the computerized process control systems that contain sufficient information on how these systems/software were represented and developed. The only specification documents made available and referred to as the design document were the system specifications however, these documents only provide a high-level explanation of what the systems do. They lack sufficient detailed description of specihc and complete data structure, data control flow, design bases, procedural design, development standards, and so on to serve as the model for writing code and to support future changes to the code. [FDA 483, 2000]... 

MOLECULAR-LEVEL EXPLANATION OF MACROSCOPIC FRICTION LAWS ... 

It was stated earlier that the vast majority of pharmaceutical solvates are hydrates. There are a few studies, however, in which other solvates of drugs have been studied. Ghosh et al. (27) examined a range of dialkylhydroxypyridones (iron chelators with possible application for the treatment of anemias) and compared their structures to their corresponding formic acid solvates. TGA was able to monitor the loss of formic acid, providing complementary information for spectroscopic studies that in turn were able to provide a molecular-level explanation for the desolvation profiles. 

Only in very recent studies of ATP synthase, which is powered by a proton gradient, has an atomic-level explanation of function begun to emerge (a) Boyer PD (1998) Angew Chem Int Ed Eng 37 2296 (b) Walker JE (1998) Ibid 37 2308 (c) Elston T, Wang H, Oster G (1998) Nature 391 510... 

Provide a molecular-level explanation of why the temperatures of a cold soft drink and hot coffee in the same room will eventually be the same. 

In order to account for the success of higher-level explanation, it seems that the reductionist has two possible choices. He can choose not to be a realist about causal explanation. In this case, he would hold that causal explanations that refer to higher-level properties are often useful in helping us navigate our way through the world, but that they... 

Gases are said to exert pressure. Provide a molecular-level explanation for this. 

Draw a picture showing a particulate level explanation for what you observe. 

A At higher temperamres and very low pressures, gases behave ideally, but as the pressure is increased the product PFbecomes less than the product nRT. Give a molecular level explanation of this fact. 

Notions of structural explanation are weU known in Philosophy. The term is highly ambiguous. When used in the context of constitutive explanation, as it is done here, it is often conceived of as some sort of causal explanation (McMullin 1978). There are at least two additional uses The first is associated with the semantic program in the Philosophy of Science. Here, the term structural explanation , as used, for example, by Sneed (1994) picks out some sort of explanation based on a model-theoretic account of theories. Jackson and Pettit, on the other hand, use structural explanation as it is often used in the social sciences, namely as some sort of macro-level explanation which, intuitively, abstracts from the details (Pettit and Jackson 1992). The sort of explanation focused on here is not to be conflated with these sorts of explanation. 

Section 4.1 discussed the familiar characteristics of air. Section 4.2 explains the reasons for those characteristics as a chemist does, by using descriptions of particulate-level behavior. When you complete your study of Section 4.2, go back to Section 4.1 and try to give a particulate-level explanation of each characteristic. Imagine the behavior of gas particles in the form of a mental movie in your mind. Make sure you can use your mental movie to explain each of the macroscopic characteristics of a gas. 

The molar interpretation of a chemical equation involves reading the coefficients as the number of moles of the reactants and products. This is still a particulate-level explanation, but we are grouping the particles into counting units that make it easier to translate into a macroscopic-level interpretation. On the molar level, fractional coefficients are acceptable. H2(g) + V2 02(g) H20(g) can be read as one mole of... 

Other quite general, but closer to molecular-level, explanations of a non-ideal relaxation were offered by Williams and Watts and by Dissado and Hill. Williams and Watts proposed a modification of a single-exponential correlation function (cf. eqn. 4.7) ... 

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