Lethal agents

Other Lethal Agents. There are a number of substances, many found in nature, which are known to be more toxic than nerve agents (6). None has been weaponized. Examples of these toxic natural products include shellfish poison, isolated from toxic clams puffer fish poison, isolated from the viscera of the puffer fish the active principle of curare "heart poisons" of the digitaUs type the active principle of the sea cucumber active principles of snake venom and the protein ricin, obtained from castor beans (See Castor oil). 

The Conference did not result in a radical change of direction for the OPCW or substantive decisions on crucial, still outstanding issues (e g. so called non-lethal agents, riot control agents, law enforcement , nil declarations in respect of OCPFs and like. The problems of scientific and technological development were tackled only very generally. 

Lesquerolic acid, physical properties, 5 35t Lessing rings, 7 28 Lethal agents, 5 815—822 Lethal concentration (LC50), 23 112-113. See also LC50... 

The term unitary indicates a single chemical loaded in munitions or stored as a lethal material. More recently, binary munitions have been produced in which two relatively safe chemicals are loaded into separate compartments to be mixed to form a lethal agent after the munition is fired or released. The components of binary munitions are stockpiled in separate states. They are not included in the present CSDP, but they are being destroyed in a separate program. 

Chemical Corps. During this period, the U.S. made serious efforts to develop a new class of weapons the incapacitants - otherwise referred to as non-lethal agents. And it is here that this book picks up the story. 

The camera team was needed only to shoot a couple of new scenes - in the case of a lethal agent, for example, a soldier staggering as VX takes hold, and another where he injects his own thigh with the antidote. 

Lynn Klotz, Martin Furmanski, and Mark Wheelis don t think so. In an article on the Internet, titled Beware the Siren s Song Non-Lethal Agents are not Non-Lethal, they draw some conclusions that I contest. For example, they assert that to be conservative, we should compare the dose of a drug required to incapacitate 99% of the target population with the dose that would cause death in 1%. They present a mathematical model that assumes the likelihood of incapacitation to be equal to the percentage of nerve cell receptors occupied by the chemical agent. 

Incapacitating - Non-Lethal Agents are defined as those compounds which... 

Although this insightful letter deals with lethal agents sueh as VX, it applies equally to ineapaeitating agents. It is true that in 1964, the Chemieal Corps standardized BZ as a weapon. To my knowledge, it has not been used in any major eombat situation. We have now destroyed our stoekpiled munitions, leaving the waters to elose over more than a deeade of researeh, and millions of dollars. 

The mode of action of the artemisinins results from cleavage of the peroxide link involving Fe +, haem or a high valent iron species which leads to a C-centred radical, the probable lethal agent (95HCA647, 95JA5885, 95TL7551). 

Lethal agents include compounds which lead to unbalanced growth by blocking DNA synthesis, e.g. fluorodeoxyuridine or cytosine arabinoside, or agents which are incorporated into DNA where they have deleterious effects, e.g. high levels of tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine which can lead to breaks in the DNA on subsequent irradiation (Thompson et al., 1970). 

What all this means is that to have any kind of practical gas chamber using carbon monoxide as the lethal agent, one needs an average concentration of at least 0.4%/vol. carbon monoxide - but, possibly as much as 0.8%/vol. We should keep 0.4% to 0.8% in mind as benchmark numbers to which we will refer shortly. Please note that these data hold true only in the presence of a normal oxygen content of the air ... 

Their threshold of action is low, they are effective in extremely loa concentrations, such as a few thousandths of a milligram per liter, and can produce an intolerable atnuwphere in concentrations as low as one-thousandth of that required for the most effective lethal agents. 

Special title-lined reaction vessels are also required for the manu-facture of diphosgene which considerably complicates its production in large quantitie.t. Phosgene is thus far etisier to inanufactiire tlmii diphos-gene, and it was primarily on this account that the Allies chose phosgene as their standard lethal agent. 

Owing to the foregoing disadvantages and limitations, the fact that modem gas masks generally furnish adequate protection against chlor pirrin, and the further fact that much more powerful and effective lethal agents were used in the late war and would be in all probability used in any future war, the future role cf chlorpicrin as a war gas is at least uncertain, wdth the probabilities rather against its future use. 

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