Leopards

Garner, D.R., and Leopard, A.J., Temperature Measurements in Fluid Film Bearings, Proceedings of the 13th Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A M University p. 133 1984. 

Aukley, G.T., Diamond, S.A., and Tietge, J.E. et al. (2002). Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. 1. Dose-dependent induction of hindhmb malformations in the Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens). Environmental Science and Technology 36, 2853-2858. 

Hayes, T., Hasten, K., and Tsui, M. et al. (2003). Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) Laboratory and field evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 568-575. 

Meteyer, C.U., Loeffler, I.K., and Fallon, J.F. et al. (2000). Hind limb malformations in free-living northern leopard frogs Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota, and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies. Teratology 62, 151-171. 

Monson PD, DJ Call, DA Cox, K Liber, GT Ankley (1999) Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene to northern leopard frogs (Rana pipens). Environ Toxicol Chem 18 308-312. 

Lefcort H. (1996). Adaptive, chemically mediated fright response in tadpoles of the Southern Leopard frog, Rana utricularia. Copeia 2, 455-459. 

We shall start by clustering animals and scientists (separately). Living creatures display a remarkable diversity some species have few features in common, while others are very alike. An elephant is not much like an amoeba, beyond the fact that they are both alive, but leopards and cheetahs share many characteristics. 

Goodwin, B. (1994), Hour the Leopard Changed its Spots The Evolution of Complexity, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London. 

Leopard frog, Rana pipiens Lake St. Clair... 

Antarctica February-March 1989 marine mammals Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx... 

Leopard frog, Rana pipens Embryo-larva Cricket frog, Acris sp. LC50 (96 h) 7.3 2... 

AMPHIBIANS Early life stages exposed to silver nitrate from fertilization through 4 days after hatching Leopard frog, Rana pipiens ... 

Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens 650 Predicted no adverse effect on survival for late-stage larvae after 30 days 26... 

Amphibians Southern leopard frog, Rana utricularia-, green <0.01 mg/kg FW whole body, less skin and 3... 

Fenvalerate intoxication effects may be reversible. Tadpoles of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) that survived LC50 concentrations of the 5,5-isomer for 96 h appeared normal 7 days after being placed in clean water (Matema 1991). Fenvalerate-protective agents include diazepam and endosulfan. Diazepam provides up to 14-fold protection to frogs against toxic doses of fenvalerate (Cole and Casida 1983) endosulfan provides limited protection to estuarine fish and shrimp (Scott et al. 1987 Trim 1987). 

Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, tadpoles ... 

Leopard frog, Rana pipiens adults single ip injection of PCB 126 at 0.0.0.2, 0.7, 2.3, or 7.8 mg/kg BW. Four hepatic monooxygenases were examined After 1 week, specific activities were not affected at 0.7 mg/kg BW and lower, but were 3-6.4 times higher than controls at 2.3 mg/kg BW and higher — and remained elevated for at least 4 weeks 20... 

Huang, Y.W., M.J. Melancon, R.E. Jung, and W.H. Karasov. 1998. Induction of cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases in northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, by 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Environ. 

Northern leopard frog, Ranapipiens 366 LC50 (96 h), embryos 8... 

Hall, R.J. and D. Swineford. 1980. Toxic effects of endrin and toxaphene on the southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala. Environ. Pollut. 23A 53-65. 

Leopard lizard, Crotaphytus wislizenir, chronic field exposure of 0.04-0.06 Gy daily (4-5 Sv yearly) for 3-6 years No female reproduction in years 3 and 4. In year 5, males were sterile and females had complete regression of ovaries, undeveloped oviductal walls, and hypertrophied fat bodies. In year 6, 75% of females lacked ovaries and 25% had normal ovaries with signs of recent egg deposition males appeared normal 1... 

Lappenbusch 1976). Low temperatures seem to prolong the survival of amphibians exposed to ionizing radiation. The survival was greater of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) held at low temperatures... 

Cheek, A.O. et al., Alteration of leopard frog (Rana pipiens) metamorphosis by the herbicide acetochlor, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37, 70, 1999. 

Gendron, A. D. et al., Exposure of leopard frogs to a pesticide mixture affects life history characteristics of the lungworm Rhabdias ranae. Oecologia, 135,469, 2003. 

Gilbertson, M.K. et al., Immunosuppression in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) induced by pesticide exposure, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22,101, 2003. 

Poddar-Sarkar M. and Brahmachary, R.L. (2004) Putative chemical signals of Leopard. Animal Biology Netherland J. Zool 54, 255-259. 

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