Learning scheme

Figure 9.13 Revised machine learning scheme as applied to a crystallization problem Sheikh and Jones, 1997)...

Equation 10.49 embodies Hinton, et.al. s Boltzman Machine learning scheme. Notice that it consists of two different parts. The first part, < SiSj >ciamped) is essentially the same as the Hebb rule used in Hopfield s net (equation 10.19), and reinforces the connections that lead from input to output. The second part, < SiSj >free> Can be likened to a Hebbian unlearning, whereby poor associations are effectively unlearned. 

ANNs need supervised learning schemes and can so be applied for both classification and calibration. Because ANNs are nonlinear and model-free approaches, they are of special interest in calibration. 

In following sections, the basis of the main components of a neuron, how it works and, finally, how a set of neurons are connected to yield an ANN are presented. A short description of the most common rules by which ANNs learn is also given (focused on the error back-propagation learning scheme). We also concentrate on how ANNs can be applied to perform regression tasks and, finally, a review of published papers dealing with applications to atomic spectrometry, most of them reported recently, is presented. 

Roa, D.H., Bitner, D., and Gupta, M.M., Feedback-error learning scheme using recurrent neural networks for nonlinear dynamic systems, Proc. IEEE 21-38,1994. 

Huang, G.B., Zhu, Q.Y. and Siew, C.K., 2004. Extreme learning machine a new learning scheme of feedforward neural networks. Proceedings of the International Joint... 

This book covers a wide range of topics and addresses different disciplines in the field. The chapters are arranged as a learning scheme for the professional, from basic science to applied engineering. The first few chapters summarize the syntheses of various polyester, polyester-amide, and polyimide liquid crystalline polymers. The science and origins of liquid crystal formation are revealed. Next, we introduce the characterizations of these materials by their different chemical and physical aspects. To help the reader, the principles of material characterizations are also discussed. 

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