Laser techniques for

Kohse-Hdinghaus K 1994 Laser techniques for the quantitative detection of reactive intermediates in combustion systems Proc. Energy Combust. Sc/. 20 203-79... 

The vibrational spectrum of a metal complex is one of the most convenient and unambigious methods of characterization. However, it has not been possible to study the interactions of metal ions and biological polymers in this way since the number of vibrational bands from the polymer obscure the metal spectrum. The use of laser techniques for Raman spectroscopy now make it very likely that the Raman spectra of metals in the presence of large amounts of biological material will be measured (34). The intensity of Raman lines from metal-ligand vibrations can be... 

Hudson, B. S. 1977. New laser techniques for biophysical studies. AnnwaZ Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering. 6 135-150. 

Spontaneously Detected Photon Echoes in Excited Molecular Ensembles A Probe Pulse Laser Technique for the Detection of Optical Coherence of Inhomogeneously Broadened Electronic Transitions, A. H. Zewail, T. E. Orlowski, K. E. Jones, and D. E. Godar, Chem. Phys. Lett. 4S, 256 (1977). 

Normally, thermal initiation is used and the critical energy is acquired by collisions. In photochemical initiation the critical energy is accumulated by absorption of radiation. This can only be used if the reactant molecule has a sufficiently strong absorption in an experimentally accessible region, though modem laser techniques for photochemical initiation increase the scope considerably. 

In fuel-rich flames, the CO should be in local chemical equilibrium, and hence the partial pressure of CO can be calculated from the local temperature and the measured fuel and air flowrates. Thus, a comparison between measured and calculated CO levels can serve as a validation of the diode laser technique for flame measurements. Such a comparison is shown in Figure 5 for equivalence ratios in the range <(> = 1.04 - 1.37. The data points shown represent the average of several observations on separate lines including ground state (v" = 0) and excited state (v" = 1) transitions. The agreement is consistently within the experimental uncertainty of 5%. 

Radicals.—The measurement of emission intensities from electronically excited small free radicals has become an important means of determining radical concentrations in hostile environments such as flames. When combined with laser excitation, the technique is very powerful, offering temporal, spectral, and spatial resolution. Just has reviewed laser techniques for the measurement of both radical concentrations and local temperatures in flames, and has demonstrated the use of laser-induced saturated fluorescence to measure the concentrations of CH and OH radicals in low-pressure acetylene-oxygen flames. Vanderhoff ei al. used a novel Kr " and Ar laser intracavity technique to... 

A problem with lasers is the difficulty of knowing precisely the equivalent temperature of pyrolysis. Also, due to some inherent characteristics of laser pyrolysis, its reproducibility is not always high. Several studies [27] showed variability in the total mass of material pyrolyzed and difficulties in the control of the pyrolysis temperature. The secondary reactions with the radicals from the plume (although catalytic reactions are probably absent) also make this technique less reproducible. More recently, considerable effort was put into improving the reproducibility of the use of laser techniques for pyrolysis. 

In this review of multistep laser photoionization of the lanthanides and actinides, we hope that we have introduced the reader to a number of laser techniques for determining spectroscopic properties of these elements. We have undoubtedly overlooked some techniques and some papers on the subjects we did cover. The importance of laser methods in studying the spectroscopy of the lanthanides and actinides is well established and future applications should greatly expand our knowledge of these elements. 

M. (1998), Laser Techniques for State-Selected and State-to-State Chemistry IV Proceedings of SPIE p. 84 ... 

Kohse-Hoinghaus, K. "Laser Techniques for the Quantitative Detection of Reactive Intermediates in Combustion Systems." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 20 (1994) 203-79. 

Applications of ultrafast laser techniques for studies in solids, optoelectronics, condensed phase, and in biological systems. 

Conclusions.—Having described existing results from afterglow and laser techniques for studying halogen excited states, a few concluding remarks regarding future work are in order. 

Several different laser techniques for generating VUV and XUV radiation are now available, and these have been discussed briefly, along with the relevant theory. Of these, harmonic generation and four-wave frequency mixing have been shown to provide coherent and monochromatic radiation which is tunable over broad regions of the spectrum, from 200 nm to 70 nm, and with limited tunability to 50 nm. While these laser-driven sources are not presently available commercially, they have been developed in several laboratories around the world, and have been used in various fields of research. 

J. Lukasik, S.C. Wallace, W.R. Green, and F. Vallee, in Proc. Laser Techniques for Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, R.R. Freeman and T.J. Mcllrath, eds., Amer. Inst. Phys., New York (1982). 

Snook RD (1997) Laser techniques for chemical analysis. Chemical Society Reviews 26 319-326. 

J.P. Goldsborough Scanning single frequency CW dye laser techniques for high-resolution spectroscopy. Opt. Eng. 13, 523 (1974)... 

Lang GG, Barbero CA (2012) Laser techniques for the study of electrode processes (Monographs in electrochemistry). Springer, Berlin... 

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