Larynx Functional

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are two important endocrine organs that are heavily committed to the biosynthesis of hormones as chemical messengers. The thyroid gland, which surrounds the larynx, has an enormous variety of metabolic functions. It is itself regulated by thyroliberin, which in turn regulates production of thyrotropin (thyroid... 

Adverse effects noted with the anesthetic use of ketamine include the sudden loss of respiratory function, spasms of the trachea or larynx, and vomiting. Literature on the emergency treatment of ketamine overdose is rare. Clinical recommendations advise making sure the airway is clear, that breathing is continually monitored, and that the heart rate remains steady. 

Phagocytosis and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to formazan was impaired by chromium(III) but not chromium(VI). These effects represent a decrease in the functional and metabolic activity of the macrophage (Johansson et al. 1986a, 1986b). Mice exposed to chromium trioxide mist at concentrations of 1.81 and 3.63 mg chromium(VI)/m3 intermittently for i2 months developed perforations in the nasal septum, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes in the larynx, trachea, and bronchus, and emphysema (Adachi 1987 Adachi et al. 1986). 

Drug deposited on the mucous lining of the bronchial epithelium is partly absorbed and partly transported with bronchial mucus toward the larynx. Bronchial mucus travels upward owing to the orally directed un-dulatory beat of the epithelial cilia. Physiologically, this mucociliary transport functions to remove inspired dust particles. Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms... 

The penetration of inhaled particles in human airways depends on their size. As defined by new standards (European EN 481 and International ISO 7708), the cut-off aerodynamic diameter of the total thoracic fraction is 10 pm it is related to the smallest particles penetrating beyond the larynx. Because these particles are strongly responsible for the inhalation risk, their on-line measurement must be representative. The variations in intensities of deposited fractions as a function of particle diameter is shown in Fig. 9.11. 

A nonlysosomal ceramidase in some tissues functions optimally at neutral or alkaline pH and participates in the synthesis and breakdown of ceramide. Deficiency of lysosomal (acid) ceramidase in Farber s disease (lipogranu-lomatosis) causes accumulation of ceramide. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by granulomatous lesions in the skin, joints, and larynx and moderate nervous system dysfunction it may also involve heart, lungs, and lymph nodes. It is usually fatal during the first few years of life. 

SEQUENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALYSIS Following intravenous administration of an appropriate dose of a competitive antagonist, motor weakness progresses to a total flaccid paralysis. Small, rapidly moving muscles e.g., those of the eyes, jaw, and larynx) relax before those of the limbs and trunk. Ultimately, intercostal muscles and finally the diaphragm are paralyzed, and respiration then ceases. Recovery of muscles usually occurs in the reverse order to that of their paralysis, and thus the diaphragm ordinarily is the first muscle to regain function. 

Assessment of neuromuscular block usually is performed by stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Responses are monitored from compound action potentials or muscle tension developed in the adductor pollicis (thumb) muscle. Responses to repetitive or tetanic stimuli are most useful for evaluation of blockade of transmission. Thus, stimulus schedules such as the train of four and the double burst or responses to tetanic stimulation are preferred procedures. Rates of onset of blockade and recovery are more rapid in the airway musculature (jaw, larynx, and diaphragm) than in the thumb. Hence, tracheal intubation can be performed before onset of complete block at the adductor pollicis, whereas partial recovery of function of this muscle allows sufficient recovery of respiration for extubation. 

The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, flat structure located at the upper portion of the trachea, just below the larynx. It is composed of two lateral lobes Joined by an isthmus across the ventral surface of the trachea. The gland is the source of two fundamentally different types of hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Both hormones are vital for normal growth and development and control essential functions, such as energy metabolism and protein synthesis. 

Taste is mainly a function of the taste buds, of which there are, approximately, 10,000 in the tongue with a few on the soft palate, inner surface of the cheek, pharynx, and epiglottis of the larynx [15]. There are live primary sensations of taste sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Table 6.3 provides various examples of these. 

Table 14.3. Tumor protocol Scan und reconstruction parameters for MSCT of the larynx and hypopharynx. Blood parameters about renal (creatinine) and thyroid (TSH) function should be obtained before i.v. contrast application. The acquisition should be performed in breath technique. Thin sagittal and coronal multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) are also mandatory...

---