Large organizations, ineffectiveness

Even the most competent and experienced operating superintendent can become ineffective when given an incomplete account of a problem. He is often too involved in administrative matters to find the lime to go out into the field and get the straight story. This is a weakness common to all large organizations. 

In many cases only one of the enantiomers displays the desired biological effect, the other is ineffective or even harmful. The development of enantioselective catalysis in non-aqueous solvents has been closely followed by the studies of similar aqueous systems - logically, attempts were made in order to solubilize the ligands and catalysts in aqueous media. Using aqueous/organic biphasic systems (often water/ethyl acetate) one may have a possibility of recovery and recycle of the often elaborate and expensive catalysts. However, with a few exceptions, up till now catalyst recovery has been rather a desire than a subject of intensive studies, obviously because of the lack of large-scale synthetic processes. 

The observation of nitration at a rate independent of the concentration and nature of the aromatic excludes AcON02 as the reactive species. The fact that zeroth-order rates in these solutions are so much faster than in solutions of nitric acid in inert organic solvents, and the fact that HNOs and H2N03+ are ineffective in nitration even when they are present in fairly large concentrations, excludes the operation of either of these species in solutions of acetyl nitrate in acetic anhydride. 

Laboratory culture plates provide an ideal environment for the drug-organism interactions. In clinical cases, the local environment at the infection site has a large effect on antimicrobial action. In diseases characterized by abscess formation, treatment failure may occur when the chosen antimicrobial agent is ineffective in acidic, anaerobic and hyperosmolar environments. The action of many antimicrobial drugs is decreased in milk. 

I rifications of crystalline lA and IIA metal azides were commonly conducted by repeated recrystallization from water, or reprecipitation with organic solvents. These operations are ineffective, however, at least with respect to soluble impurities which usually precipitate together with the azide. In fact, one can argue that additional impurities were likely introduced with the organics or by hydrolytic decomposition of the azides, unless the latter was checked by repeated replacement of the evaporating hydrazoic acid. These facts went largely unnoticed, mainly because the need for establishing impurity profiles after the purification was not seen or because analysis was performed with inappropriate methods. 

---