Lanthanides dysprosium

Qi M-H, Liu G-F (2004) Synthesis and photoelectronic properties on a series of lanthanide dysprosium(III) complexes with acetylacetonate and meso-tetraalkyltetrabenzoporphyrin. Solid State Sci 6(3) 287-294... 

Lanthanide series Lanthanides are silvery metals with relatively high melting points. Because there is so little variation in properties among inner transition metals, they are found mixed together in nature and are extremely hard to separate. The name of one lanthanide, dysprosium, comes from a Greek word meaning hard to get at. Lanthanide ores were first mined in Ytterby, Sweden. Which four elements are named for this town ... 

Recently, the side chain structure of glycocholate monomers was resolved by NMR employing the paramagnetic lanthanide, dysprosium [14]. Dysprosium chloride interacted with 0.5 mM sodium glycocholate in to form a 1 1 salt... 

After our report, many other examples of SIMs based on mononuclear lanthanide complexes have appeared. As relevant examples, we should mention the erbium-organometallic double-decker complexes [11] and the dysprosium-acetylacetonate complexes [12], and the dysprosium-DOTA (H4DOTA, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) complexes reported by Sessoli etal. [13]. 

Different lanthanide metals also produce different emission spectrums and different intensities of luminescence at their emission maximums. Therefore, the relative sensitivity of time-resolved fluorescence also is dependent on the particular lanthanide element complexed in the chelate. The most popular metals along with the order of brightness for lanthanide chelate fluorescence are europium(III) > terbium(III) > samarium(III) > dysprosium(III). For instance, Huhtinen et al. (2005) found that lanthanide chelate nanoparticles used in the detection of human prostate antigen produced relative signals for detection using europium, terbium, samarium, and dysprosium of approximately 1.0 0.67 0.16 0.01, respectively. The emission... 

Californium - the atomic number is 98 and the chemical symbol is Cf. The name derives from the state and the university of California, where the element was first synthesized. Although the earlier members of the actinide series were named in analogy with the names of the corresponding members of the lanthanide series, the only connection with the corresponding element dysprosium (Greek for hard to get at) that was offered by the discoverers was that searchers for another element (gold about a century before in 1849) foimd it difficult to get to California. An American scientific team at the University of California lab in Berkeley,... 

Gadolinium is silvery-white, soft, malleable, and ductile with a metallic luster. It is the second of what is referred to as the dysprosium, subgroup in the middle of the lanthanide series of rare-earths. It tarnishes in air, forming the oxide (Gd O ) on the surface, which flakes off the surface, exposing a fresh metal that in turn oxidi2es. 

Californium is a transuranic element of the actinide series that is homologous with dysprosium (gjDy), just above it in the rare-earth lanthanide series. Cf-245 was the first isotope of californium that was artificially produced. It has a half-life of just 44 minutes. Isotopes of californium are made by subjecting berkelium to high-energy neutrons within nuclear reactors, as follows + (neutrons and A, gamma rays) — °Bk — °Cf + (3- (beta particle... 

Erbium metal is produced from rare-earth minerals. Methods of preparation are similar to dysprosium, involving sulfuric acid treatment, ion exchange separation from other lanthanides, roasting, conversion to hahde, and finally high temperature reduction with calcium or sodium, (see Dysprosium). 

Holmium is obtained from monazite, bastnasite and other rare-earth minerals as a by-product during recovery of dysprosium, thulium and other rare-earth metals. The recovery steps in production of all lanthanide elements are very similar. These involve breaking up ores by treatment with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or by caustic fusion separation of rare-earths by ion-exchange processes conversion to halide salts and reduction of the hahde(s) to metal (See Dysprosium, Gadolinium and Erbium). 

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