Lanthanides shift reagents

however, you are still soldiering on with a spectrometer of 100 MHz or less, then by all means try using them to stretch a spectrum out - if your compound is suitable. They work by coordinating with an atom that has a lone pair of electrons available for donation. The more available the lone pair, the greater will be the affinity (-NH2/NHR -OH C=0 -O- -COOR -CN). Note that they will only work in dry solvents that don t contain available lone pairs. Good luck  

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Europium (III) acetate (2H2O) [62667-64-5] M 383.1, pKj 8.31 (for aquo Eu " ). Recrystd several times from water [Ganapathy et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 3159 1986]. For europium shift reagents see lanthanide shift reagents in Chapter 4. 

Clobazam (54, X = Cl) and related compounds (X = H, X = CF3) exist in the dioxo tautomeric form [80JHC551,87JCS(P2)1071], as do the analogous pyrazolo[3,4-h][l,4]diazepinediones (89JHC949). Tliese conclusions were mainly based on careful NMR studies including the use of lanthanide shift reagents (LSR). 

Paramagnetic lanthanide shift reagents in n.m.r. spectroscopy principles methodology and applications. J. Reuben, Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc., 1973, 9, 3-70 (280). 

N.m.r. studies of coordination complexes using lanthanide shift reagents. L. F. Lindov, Coord. 

The enantiomeric purity of optically active sulphoxides can be determined by chiral lanthanide shift reagents such as tris(3-trifluoroacetyl-ti-camphorato)europium(III) and tris(heptafluorobutyryl-d-camphorato)europium(III)218-219-221, the latter shown in Scheme 23. 

H-NMR spectroscopy can be used to determine alkenesulfonates in mixtures [115]. Under normal conditions, 1-alkenesulfonate shows a signal separated from the other positional isomers [122]. Moreover, the utilization of a lanthanide shift reagent makes possible even the separation of the signals of isomeric alkenesulfonic acids and hydroxyalkanesulfonic acids as their methyl esters [124]. 13C-NMR spectroscopy, which is not as quantitative, simply gives the cis/trans ratio of the main positional isomer. 

The 2-pyrones can behave as dienes or dienophiles depending on the nature of their reaction partners. 3-Carbomethoxy-2-pyrone (84) underwent inverse Diels-Alder reaction with several vinylethers under lanthanide shift reagent-catalysis [84] (Equation 3.28). The use of strong traditional Lewis acids was precluded because of the sensitivity of the cycloadducts toward decarboxylation. It is noteworthy that whereas Yb(OTf)j does not catalyze the cycloaddition of 84 with enolethers, the addition of (R)-BINOL generates a new active ytterbium catalyst which promotes the reactions with a moderate to good level of enantio selection [85]. 

Alternatively, complexation with lanthanide shift reagents allow the signals of the MTPA ester to be resolved and used to determine enantiomeric... 

A closely related method does not require conversion of enantiomers to diastereomers but relies on the fact that (in principle, at least) enantiomers have different NMR spectra in a chiral solvent, or when mixed with a chiral molecule (in which case transient diastereomeric species may form). In such cases, the peaks may be separated enough to permit the proportions of enantiomers to be determined from their intensities. Another variation, which gives better results in many cases, is to use an achiral solvent but with the addition of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent such as tris[3-trifiuoroacetyl-compounds with which they can form coordination compounds, for examples, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, amines, and so on. Chiral lanthanide shift reagents shift the peaks of the two enantiomers of many such compounds to different extents. 

The conformational preference of the monosulfoxides of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dithianes (179-181) were determined by NMR experiments which included variable-temperature studies, double irradiation, solvent effects and the inhuence of lanthanide shift reagents For 179 and 181, the axial conformers were the dominant species in CDjOD, but for 180 the equatorial conformer was in excess. 

The previously discussed conformational study of 3-substituted thietane oxides using lanthanide shift reagents corroborates the conclusions derived from other NMR studies and suggests that all frans-3-substituted thietane oxides prefer an equatorial oxygen conformation when the thietane oxides are bound to shift reagents. 

NMR can be a powerful tool for determination of enantiomeric excess or absolute configuration of the optically active compounds, however, these processes require the use of some auxiliaries, for example, chiral lanthanide shift reagents or chiral derivatising agent. In many cases, the starting point for determination of enantiopurity of amines, amino acids or diols is the formation of chiral imines. 

Figure 2. Dy(P30io)2 is a lanthanide shift reagent commonly used in biological 7Li NMR experiments. The Dy3+ ion has a coordination number of nine with two P3O10 moieties, acting as tetradentate ligands, and one molecule of H2O coordinated in the first coordination sphere up to seven Li+ ions can bind in the second coordination sphere.

Achiral lanthanide shifting reagents may be used to enhance the anisochrony of diastereomeric mixtures to facilitate their quantitative analysis. Chiral lanthanide shift reagents are much more commonly used to quantitatively analyze enantiomer compositions. Sometimes it may be necessary to chemically convert the enantiomer mixtures to their derivatives in order to get reasonable peak separation with chiral chemical shift reagents. 

In addition to these systematic studies of lanthanide sulfoxide complexes, with variation in both sulfoxide and anion, other more isolated reports are available. Lanthanide isothiocyanate complexes of the cyclic sulfoxides thioxane oxide (490) and tetramethylene sulfoxide (493) have been synthesized and complexes of the unusual potentially chelating ligand 2-(ethylsulfinyl)pyridine-V-oxide (63) described. Detailed studies of the solvation of lanthanide-shift reagents by Me2SO have also appeared (178,179). 

There are three types of chiral auxiliary that are used chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs), chiral lanthanide shift reagents (CLSRs) and chiral solvating agents (CSAs)75. Chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs), such as the enantiomers of o -methoxy-o -(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA, 83)76, require the separate formation of discrete... 

In 2-substituted adamantanes 25 both types of 8-positioned carbon atoms (8syn and 8 ) exist within one molecule (Scheme 37). Early measurements with limited spectral resolution (176) did not differentiate between their signals. Later (124,244), differences of up to 0.7 ppm were detected, and application of various independent methods, including addition of lanthanide shift reagents (245), determination of longitudinal relaxation times T, (246), and evaluation of deuterium... 

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