Landsteiner, blood groups

Landsteiner, blood groups 184 Langmuir trough 394 Langmuir-Adam film balance 394... 

These have proved invaluable sources of blood group A substances, and many workers have studied the active material isolated from them. Meyer, Smyth and Palmer obtained from hog stomach a polysaccharide which was highly active serologically and contained W-acetyl-D-glucos-amine and D-galactose residues. Landsteiner and his coworkers obtained similar substances from hog stomach and pig pepsin. The following method used for isolating the substance from pepsin is typical. 

The saliva of secretors has been used as a source of blood group substances in several investigations. Landsteiner obtained very active material from horse saliva and was able to show that it contained D-galac-tose and a hexosamine. More recently the same author compared the blood group substances from the saliva of individuals of groups A, B and 0 and found that there was very little difference in their properties (see Table III). 

Karl Landsteiner Physiology/Medicine Blood groups A, B, O, Rh... 

The fact that blood grouping and/or typing antigens exist has been known since Landsteiner discovered the ABO system around 1900 (1). Since then over 246 published antigens have been found however, only three of these antigenic systems, the ABO, MN and Rh, have received crime laboratory acceptance (2). Until several years ago most crime laboratories did only ABO groupings however, with the improvements of specific antisera and the increased sensitivity of detection techniques, the MN and Rh systems have also been adopted as reliable systems. 

D-GlcNac, the Landsteiner (ABH) blood group determinants H type 1... 

In 1904, Dr. Karl Landsteiner performed a series of experiments on the blood of workers in his laboratory. His results explained the mysterious transfusion fatalities, and blood transfusions were reinstated as a lifesaving clinical tool. Landsteiner took blood samples from his coworkers. He separated the blood cells from the serum, the liquid component of the blood, and mixed these samples in test tubes. When he mixed serum from one individual with blood cells of another, Landsteiner observed that, in some instances, the serum samples caused clumping, or agglutination, of red blood cells (RBC). The agglutination reaction always indicated that the two bloods were incompatible and transfusion could lead to life-threatening reactions. As a result of many such experiments, Landsteiner showed that there are four human blood groups, designated A, B, AB, and O. 

Among the first discovered and best understood of these membrane-bound carbohydrates are those of the ABO blood-group system, discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943). Whether an individual has type A, B, AB, or O blood is genetically determined and depends on the type of... 

Landois s observation of hemolysis (1875) induced by infusion of alien blood which 38 years later led to Landsteiner s discovery of the blood groups, and Emil Fischer s ingenious studies of carbohydrates and amino acid analysis and synthesis were other important factors which opened the door for the rapid progress in intravenous therapy during the last hundred years. 

In 1930, Karl Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize for medicine in his discovery of the four major blood groups, which he had initially discovered in 1901. In 1927, he identified the M and N groups, and in 1940, he discovered the Rhesus (Rh) factor. 

The discovery of blood transfusion and the beginning of an industrial life cycle. Blood transfusions became possible after 1900, following the discovery of the ABO system and blood group compatibility by Karl Landsteiner (innovation stage). The period from 1910 to 1930 saw the first steps towards optimisation progress was concentrated on the conditions for large-scale commercialisation, the organisation of the blood collection network, blood banks and the development of clinical applications. 

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