Lactose solution containing

Electrolytic reduction of a lactose solution containing inorganic sulfite, between an amalgamated lead cathode and a graphite anode, is reported to give a 90% yield of lactitol with a 90% current-efficiency. ... 

Harrison, Tarr and Hibbert96 investigated the production of levan from sucrose by the action of Bacillus subtilis Cohn and B. mesentericus Trevisan. Nutrient solutions containing 10% carbohydrate, 0.1% peptone, 0.2% disodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.5% potassium chloride were incubated at 37° for six days. Levan formation occurred only with sucrose and raffinose, and not with melezitose, lactose, maltose, D-xylose, D-glucose or D-fructose. It was therefore suggested that only those carbohydrates with a terminal D-fructofuranose residue were satisfactory substrates for levan formation. 

Lactose glass. When a lactose solution is dried rapidly, viscosity increases so quickly that crystallization is impossible. A noncrystalline form is produced containing a- and /J-forms in the ratio at which they exist in solution. Lactose in spray-dried milk exists as a concentrated syrup or amorphous glass which is stable if protected from air, but is very hygroscopic and absorbs water rapidly from the atmosphere, becoming sticky. 

Thermoplasticity of lactose. Unless certain precautions are taken during the drying of whey or other solutions containing high concentrations of lactose, the hot, semi-dry powder may adhere to the metal surfaces of the dryer, forming deposits. This phenomenon is referred to as thermoplasticity. The principal factors influencing the temperature at which thermoplasticity occurs ( sticking temperature ) are the concentrations of lactic acid, amorphous lactose and moisture in the whey powder. 

The specific rotation, [a]o°, of lactose in solution at equilibrium is +55.4° expressed on an anhydrous basis ( + 52.6° on a monohydrate basis). The specific rotation is defined as the optical rotation of a solution containing 1 g ml"1 in a 1 dm polarimeter tube it is affected by temperature (20°C is usually used indicated by superscript) and wavelength (usually the sodium D line (589.3 nm) is used indicated by subscript). 

Mutarotation has been shown to be a first-order reaction, the velocity constant being independent of reaction time and concentration of reactants. The rate of mutarotation increases 2.8 times with a 10°C rise in temperature. By applying the law of mass action, equations have been developed to measure the rate of the reversible reaction between the a and (3 forms of lactose. If a dilute lactose solution at constant temperature contain a moles of a and b moles of /3, then the amount of (3 formed (x) per unit of time is... 

Lactose in the glass state may be used as a protective coating on certain materials, either to seal in components or to protect the material from the environment. Materials may be coated with lactose solution and dried, or a solution containing the material and lactose can be spray-dried. This latter application has been used to preserve enzymatic activity during spray drying and storage (Nickerson 1974). 

Dialysis experiments" have shown that Ca2 , Mg2 , Ba2 , and Sr2 form soluble chelates in aqueous alkaline solution with D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-arabinose, D-ribose, maltose, and lactose. The absence of any precipitation of alkaline-earth metal hydroxide when an aqueous solution containing D-fructose and an alkaline-earth metal salt is made alkaline... 

Another lactose heat-derived compound is lactulose (4-0-6-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose) which was first reported by Montgomery and Hudson (37). This compound can be found in heated milk products, heat processed lactose-containing foods, and alkaline lactose solutions via the isomerization of lactose. It is of interest due to claimed beneficial effects on the gut flora of infants. It has also been proposed as an indicator of the severity of heat treatment in processed dairy products (5). Apparently, it can be present in two forms in heated milks, namely in free solution and covalently bound to protein amino groups. 

Standard Solutions Transfer 10 mL of Lactose Solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute to volume with water (Diluted Lactose Solution). Transfer, respectively, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL of Diluted Lactose Solution into four 100-mL volumetric flasks, and dilute to volume with water. These dilutions (Standard Dilutions of Lactose) contain 20, 40, 60, and 80 jxg of lactose per milliliter of solution, respectively. Into each of five test tubes add, in sequence, 2 mL of water and, respectively, 3 mL of each of the Standard Dilutions of Lactose. Add Phenol Reagent and sulfuric acid to each test tube as described under Sample Solution. 

Milk is an emulsion of milk fat in an aqueous solution containing many different proteins, lactose and salts. In raw milk the fat is present in the form of milk fat globules, which are surrounded by a membrane. When this milk is homogenized in the factory, these globules are broken, and the fat is dispersed into smaller droplets, also stabilized by proteins. 

Electrolysis of a solution containing calcium bromide and lactose causes smooth oxidation of the disaccharide to lactobiono-1,5-lactone, presumably by the formation of free bromine at the anode. After hydrolysis of the lactone, lactobionic acid is usually isolated as its insoluble calcium salt [(CjsH2iOi2)2Ca"5 H2O]. 

Friedl et al [3.70] studied ABE production in an integrated process using C. acetobutylicum immobilized onto a packed bed of bonechar coupled with continuous product removal by pervaporation. Using a concentrated feed solution containing lactose at 130 g/1, a lactose utilization value of 98.7 % was observed. The PVMBR system showed low acid loss, a high solvent yield of 0.39 g solvents/g lactose utilized, and a solvent productivity of 3.5 g/1. 

Hydrate. a-Lactose crystallizes as a monohydrate containing 5% water of crystallization and can be prepared by concentrating aqueous lactose solutions to supersaturation and allowing crystallization to occur below... 

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