Lactose, general

I) A much better yield is obtained if galactose is employed. Lactose is generally preferred, however, as it is much cheaper. 

Nutritional Value of Milk Products. Milk is considered one of the principal sources of nutrition for humans. Some people are intolerant to one or more components of milk so must avoid the product or consume a treated product. One example is intolerance to lactose in milk. Fluid milk is available in which the lactose has been treated to make it more digestible. The consumption of milk fat, either in fluid milk or in products derived from milk, has decreased markedly in the 1990s. Whole milk sales decreased 12% between 1985 and 1988, whereas the sales of low fat milk increased 165%, and skimmed milk sales increased 48% (35). Nutritionists have recommended that fat consumed provide no more than 30 calories, and that consumption of calories be reduced. Generally, a daily diet of 2000—3000 cal/d is needed depending on many variables, such as gender, type of work, age, body responses, exercise, etc. Further, there is concern about cholesterol [57-88-5] and density of fat consumed. Complete information on the nutritive value of milk and milk products is provided on product labels (36) (see also Table 4). 

A much more common metabolic disorder, lactose intolerance, occurs commonly in most parts of the world (notable exceptions being some parts of Africa and northern Europe). Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose because of the absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestines of adults. The symptoms of this disorder, which include diarrhea and general discomfort, can be relieved by eliminating milk from the diet. 

Some data fitting results are displayed in Figures 12.1 and 12.3. The general conclusion is that both models describe the behaviours of the main components, lactose and lactitol very well, both for sponge nickel and ruthenium catalysts. In this respect, no real model discrimination is possible. Both models also describe equally well the behaviour of lactobionic acid (D), including its concentration maximum when the reversible step is included (ks) (Figure 12.3). 

Polymeric formulas typically have low osmolality of 300 to 500 mOsm/kg. These formulas also usually supply essential vitamins and minerals in amounts similar to the Adequate Intakes or Recommended Dietary Allowances for these nutrients when the formula is delivered in amounts adequate to meet the macronutrient requirements of most patients. Many polymeric formulas are inexpensive relative to oligomeric formulas. Most polymeric formulas are lactose-free and gluten-free, as are most modern tube feeding products. Products designed to be used as oral supplements generally are polymeric and often have sucrose or other simple sugars added to improve taste. 

Because of the high incidence of lactose intolerance in the general population, lactose is not recommended as a sweetener for pediatric populations [70]. Aspartame, a phenylalanine derivative, is incorporated in many chewable tablets and sugar-free dosage forms. Aspartame-containing products should be avoided in children with autosomal recessive phenylketonuria [54]. 

Of the indirect tests the 13C or 14C-d-xylose or lactulose breath test and the glucose, lactose or lactulose hydrogen breath tests are available alternatives. These tests are in general developed to recognize Gram-negative bacilli rather than URT overgrowth. There are, however, pitfalls involved. 

Flow behavior of powders is also of interest in direct compression. It is generally accepted that the flow rate initially increases with particle size, achieves a maximum in the range of 100-400 /um, and then decreases [85]. An excipient that has been well characterized is lactose, which undergoes particle fragmentation when compacted. For a-lactose monohydrate, it has been shown that the... 

A direct comparison of the results obtained by the simplified shear cell methodology and the Flowfactor Tester of Jenike and associates is difficult since the experimental procedures differ. Figures 10 and 11 show the yield loci obtained using both methods. For free flowing spray-dried lactose the yield loci are very similar (Fig. 10) and nearly linear, as is generally observed [45]. Bigger... 

Traditionally, glucagon preparations utilized therapeutically are chromatographically purified from bovine or porcine pancreatic tissue. (The structure of bovine, porcine and human glucagon is identical, thus eliminating the possibility of direct immunological complications). Such commercial preparations are generally formulated with lactose and sodium chloride and sold in freeze-dried form. Glucagon, 0.5-1.0 units (approximately 0.5-1.0 mg freeze-dried hormone), is administered to the patient by s.c. or i.m. injection. 

There is a remarkable degree of disagreement, among different workers, on the best type of low-lactose diet to feed to galactosemics. The basic principles are clear and generally accepted since the clinical manifestations of galactosemia are due to intoxication by galactose-1-... 

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