Lactide plasticizers

Figure 11.32. Tensile strength of lactide plasticized polylaotide. [Adapted, by permission, from Sinclair R Q i. Macromol. Sci. A, A33, No.5, 1996, p.585-97.]...

Kulinski, Z. and Piorkowska, E. 2005. Crystallization, structure and properties of plasticized poly(L-lactide). Polymer 46 10290-10300. 

Paul, M., Alexandre, M., Degee, P., Henrist, C., Rulmont, A., and Dubois, P. 2002. New nanocomposite materials based on plasticized poly(L -lactide) and organo-modified montmorillonites thermal and morphological study. Polymer 44 443-450. 

Ray, S.S. Okamoto, M. Biodegradable poly-lactide and its nanocomposites opening a new dimension for plastics and composites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2003, 24 (14), 815-840. 

Shekunov BY, Edwards AD. Crystallization and plasticization and of poly (L-lactide) by carbon dioxide. Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, April 28-30, Versailles, France. 

Biodegradable plastics were also obtained by grafting succinic acid monochloride on epichlorohydrin-crosslinked starch,3268 and by grafting lactones and lactides onto starch.2937... 

Biodegradable plastics based on lactic acid have been available on a small scale for many years. They have been used In applications such as medical implants, but their high price was a deterrent to widespread use in lower value applications such as packaging. However, new technologies for production of lactide monomers greatly lowered costs, making the polymers much more competitive. Generally, the lactic acid is obtained from corn or other biobased materials by a fermentation process, and then chemical synthesis is used to produce the polymer from the lactic acid or lactide monomers. 

Thellen, C., Orroth, C., Froio, D., Ziegler, D., Lucciarini, J., Farrell, R., D Souza, N.A., Ann, J. Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly(L-lactide) blown films. Polymer 46, 11716-11727 (2005)... 

Auras, R.A., Harte, B., Selke, S. and Hernandez, R. (2003) Mechanical, physical, and barrier properties of poly(lactide) films. Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, 19, 123-135. 

Industrially this process is catalysed with tin(ii) octanoate and there is a desire to move away from tin and use less-toxic metals or even metal-free conditions. The polymer itself is used in a diverse range of applications from commodity plastics (packaging) to high-end biological uses (tissue engineering, sutures and stents). " In the mechanism initially the ester coordinates to the Lewis-acidic metal centre, the alkoxide then attacks the carbonyl carbon and the lactide ring opens and new alkoxide is formed and... 

Figure 11.29. Crystallization enthalpy of polylactide plasticized with variable amounts of polypropylene glycol having molecular weight of 1000. [Data from Paul M-A Alexandre M Degee P Pluta M Gleski A Dubois P, New Nanocomposite Materials Based on Plasticized Poly(l-lactide) and Organo-modified Montmorillonites, Belgian Polymer Group Meeting 2002, Mens, Belgium.]...

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been known for many years but use of this biodegradable plastic polymer was largely confined to internal surgical stitching due to the relatively high cost. Recent advances in the process for fermentation of com starch to produce lactate, coupled with chemical lactide formation, have resulted in a cost that is economically attractive. Cargill Dow Polymers have announced investments of over 300 million in a new facility in... 

Plastics lecycling-Economic and Ecological Options (2(X)6) ICPE 4 1-12. http //www.envis-icpe.com Pospiech D, Komber H, Jehnichen D, Haussler L, Eckstein K, Scheibner H, Janke A, Kticheldorf HR, Petermann O (2005) Multiblock copolymers of 1-lactide and trimethylene carbonate. Biomacromolecules 6 439-446... 

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