Labeled Approaches

Sandwich assays rely on secondary antibodies binding to the target antigen or antibody after the primary biorecognihon reachon. In a compehhve assay format, labeled and nonlabeled anhbodies (or anhgens) compete for the binding sites of 

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We would like to point out that an order parameter indicates the static property of the lipid bilayer, whereas the rotational motion, the oxygen transport parameter (Section 4.1), and the chain bending (Section 4.4) characterize membrane dynamics (membrane fluidity) that report on rotational diffusion of alkyl chains, translational diffusion of oxygen molecules, and frequency of alkyl chain bending, respectively. The EPR spin-labeling approach also makes it possible to monitor another bulk property of lipid bilayer membranes, namely local membrane hydrophobicity. 

The hypothesis that polar carotenoids regulate membrane fluidity of prokaryotes (performing a function similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes) was postulated by Rohmer et al. (1979). Thus, the effects of polar carotenoids on membrane properties should be similar in many ways to the effects caused by cholesterol. These similarities were demonstrated using different EPR spin-labeling approaches in which the effects of dipolar, terminally dihydroxylated carotenoids such as lutein,... 

Chattopadhaya, S., Abu Bakar, F. B., Srinivasan, R. and Yao, S. Q. (2008). In vivo imaging of a bacterial cell division protein using a protease-assisted small-molecule labeling approach. Chembiochem 9, 677-80. 

Photons with detectable energy differences that are emitted by various radionuclides can be quantified simultaneously, but independently from each other. This allows the use of dual-labeling approaches (4). These experiments will reveal information regarding both the liposomal carrier—labeled with one radionuclide—and the encapsulated compound—labeled with a different radionuclide—after a single injection in the same animal. However,... 

Figure 6.15 Applying dual-color ratiometric gene expression labeling approach to protein expression analysis. (From Haab, B.B. etal., Genome Biol., 2, 0004.1-0004.13, 2001. With permission.)...

This SERS labeling approach has been used by Yu and co-workers for imaging apoptosis in cells and lung cancer tissue [32]. In most reported SERS imaging papers, the SERS nanoparticles have been prepared by the investigators themselves. Yu et al. were able to employ the commercially available SERS-active nanoparticles, and so have demonstrated that SERS imaging is now open to a much larger community of scientists than just SERS specialists. 

The term activity-based protein profiling implies mechanism-based probe/ target reactivity. Photoaffinity labelling approaches represent a complementary technique to mechanism based APBB probes. The use of these photoreactive affinity-based protein profiling probes in proteomic studies are reviewed by Overkleeft et al. 

Data on the intramolecular dynamics of proteins obtained by the physical labeling approach combined with other dynamical and complementary theoretical and experimental methods may be briefly summarized as follows. 

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