L-V curve

Fig. 2.49. Examples of experimental (solid lines) and calculated (dashed lines) LEED l-V curves for the p(v x v ) R19° superstructure of benzene on Ru(OOOl). The individual Rp factors are indicated in the figure [2.263],...

The group in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [55] has fabricated a macroscale device by depositing the conducting polymer (poly(/j-phenylenevinylene)) on the MWCNT film (Fig. 16). They have observed the characteristic rectifying effect from the l-V curve, which suggests the CNTs inject holes efficiently into the polymer layer. However, due to the difficulty in... 

The reason for that ambiguity is the fact that the l/V characteristics are Fitted with equations (see above) consisting of various fit parameters in a rather restricted voltage range, so that many different curves can model the l/V curves within a moderate variance range. 

Figure 11-9 compares measured (solid lines) and calculated (dotted lines) l-V curves for MEH-PPV devices of about llOnm in thickness, in which the cathode... 

Figure 9-28. Trap-limited current (low ills (solid lines) lo the experimental (symbols) l/V characteristics of two typical devices with a 200 nin and 600 nm thick hole-transport layer and Alq3. Inset shows l/V curves for various different Alq3-lhicknesses. Reproduced front Ref. 82. ...

Figure 3.6 (a) l-V curves and (b) single cell performances of Pt-Ru 40wt% catalysts supported on as prepared H-CNF, nanotunneled H-CNF and 60wt% E-TEK catalyst examined at 30, 60 and 90°C. 

The S-L-V curve intersects the gas-liquid critical curve in two points the lower critical end point (LCEP) and the upper critical end point (UCEP). At these two points, the liquid and gas phases merge into a single fluid-phase in the presence of excess solid. At temperatures between Tlcep and Tucep a S-V equilibrium is observed. The solubility of the heavy component in the gas phase increases very rapidly with pressure near the LCEP and the UCEP. Near the LCEP the solubility of heavy component in the light one is limited by the low temperatures. In contrast, near the UCEP the solubility of heavy component in the light one is high, owing to the much higher temperatures [6],... 

When the supercritical fluid has a relatively high solubility in the molten heavy component, the S-L-V curve can have a negative dP/dT slope [64]. The second type of three-phase S-L-V curve shows a temperature minimum [65], In the third type, where the S-L-V curve has a positive dP/dT slope, the supercritical fluid is only slightly soluble in the molten heavy component, and therefore the increase of hydrostatic pressure will raise the melting temperature and a new type of three-phase curve with a temperature minimum and maximum may occur [66]. 

In general, a system with a negative dP/dT slope and/or with a temperature-minimum in the S-L-V curve could be processed by PGSS. 

Figure 5. Comparison between l—V curves of a single-crystal, bare CdSe elctrode...

FIGURE 6.11. The l-V curves under forward and reversed biases for a hole-only device using Cu electrodes. Solvent used for spin-coating was THF. 

Type II (Solid-Fluid) System. In type II systems (when the solid and the SCF component are very dissimilar in molecular size, structure, and polarity), the S-L-V line is no longer continuous, and the critical (L = V) mixture curve also is not continuous. The branch of the three-phase S-L-V line starting with the triple point of the solid solute does not bend as much toward lower temperature with increasing pressure as it does in the case of type I system. This is because the SCF component is not very soluble in the heavy molten solute. The S-L-V line rises sharply with pressure and intersects the upper branch of the critical mixture (L = V) curve at the upper critical end point (LfCEP), and the lower temperature branch of the S-L-V line intersects the critical mixture curve at the lower critical end point (LCEP). Between the two branches of the S-L-V line there exists S-V equilibrium only (13). 

As for monotropic polymorphism, the common L V curve will normally intersect the Si V and -S n-F curves below their intersection (Figure 3) (4). There is no region of stability for the second polymorph (-S ), and the melting point of the metastable An polymorph will invariably be lower than that of the stable form (Ai). Unlike enantiotropic polymorphism, the triple point is always higher than the melting point of the stable 5i phase. Only one of the polymorphs remains stable up to the melting point upon heating, and the other polymorph can exist only as a metastable phase, irrespective of... 

We have already seen that the curve for S—V ends at the melting-point. At this point, liquid and solid are each in equilibrium with vapour at the same pressure, and they must also be in equilibrium with each other and the particular value of temperature and vapour pressure must lie on the S—Y as well as on the L—Y curve. At one time it was thought that the S—Y curve passes continuously into the L—V curve, but it follows quite clearly from the Clapeyron equation,... 

It has already been mentioned that in the vicinity of the S-L-V triple point, the S-V sublimation curve increases more rapidly than does the L-V vaporization curve. If follows that if the L-V curve is to be extended below the triple point (as would have to happen for a supercooled liquid), the continuation of the curve must lie above the S-V curve. This implies that the vapor pressure of a supercooled liquid (a metastable phase) must always exceed the vapor pressure of the solid (the stable phase) at the same temperature. 

Figure S.32 Current-voltage curves for Cg-Au (left) and Cal-Au (right) in H2O as a function of pH (adjusted with phosphate buffer, see Ref. [6]). The numbers 1-4 in the Cal-Au data identify voltage plateaus. Cartoons of the experimental arrangements for measuring l-V curves of individual nanoparticles in solution...

K. The solid lines show three l(V) curves measured over the course of several days. Each is offset for clarity. These different curves result from changes in the local charge distribution about the dot. The dashed lines are fits to the data using the orthodox Coulomb blockade model as discussed (d) l Vsd) characteristic of a 5.8 nm Au nanoparticle measured at 77 K several Coulomb steps of periods AVsd 200mV can be seen. Reprinted with permission from Ref [49] 1996, American Institute of Physics. 

Figure 5.63 Arrhenius plots of samples prepared by specific (triangles) and nonspecific (dots) immobilization. The inset shows the corresponding l V) curves for specific (gray...

Figure 2.18 (top) Typical l-V curves as measured for each point of the l-V spectroscopy scan (128 x 128 pixels) demonstrating the heterogeneous l-V characteristics of the MDMO-PPV matrix (bottom) for four biases the corresponding... 

Fig. 21 Polarization curves of the biofuel cells measured on the variable resistances -voltage and current produced by the cell as the function of the Ohmic resistance load (a) an implantable biofuel cell operating in vitro in a flow device filled with a human serum solution/ (b) a biofuel cell implanted in a snail and operating in vivo (c) a biofuel cell implanted in a rabbit and operating in v/Vo/ (d) a biofuel cell implanted in a rat and operating in wVo. (e) l-V curve characterizing the operation of a charge pump interfaced with a pacemaker.Curves "c" and "d" were recalculated from the data available in the original publications. (The figure is adapted from ref. 40, reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).

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