V Curves

Figure 9.15 Potential energy (V) curves for a very weakly bound ground state and a strongly bound excited state of a noble gas halide...

Fig. 2.49. Examples of experimental (solid lines) and calculated (dashed lines) LEED l-V curves for the p(v x v ) R19° superstructure of benzene on Ru(OOOl). The individual Rp factors are indicated in the figure [2.263],...

Data collection is mostly performed at normal incidence of the primary electron beam. Under these conditions usually several equivalent LEED spots exist because of the surface symmetry. By taking care that the I-V curves of equivalent spots are identical, normal incidence conditions can be adjusted to within a few tenths of a degree. 

Because LEED theory was initially developed for close packed clean metal surfaces, these are the most reliably determined surface structures, often leading to 7 p factors below 0.1, which is of the order of the agreement between two experimental sets of 7-V curves. In these circumstances the error bars for the atomic coordinates are as small as 0.01 A, when the total energy range of 7-V curves is large enough (>1500 eV). A good overview of state-of-the-art LEED determinations of the structures of clean metal surfaces, and further references, can be found in two recent articles by Heinz et al. [2.272, 2.273]. 

The group in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [55] has fabricated a macroscale device by depositing the conducting polymer (poly(/j-phenylenevinylene)) on the MWCNT film (Fig. 16). They have observed the characteristic rectifying effect from the l-V curve, which suggests the CNTs inject holes efficiently into the polymer layer. However, due to the difficulty in... 

Enthalpy is a properly of the system independent of the path selected. Processes can be conveniently represented graphically. For example, a P-V diagram can be used to illustrate the work done when a system undergoes a change in state (see Figure 2-31). In each of the cases depicted in Figure 2-.31, the work is equal to the shaded area under the P-V curve as shown. 

The reason for that ambiguity is the fact that the l/V characteristics are Fitted with equations (see above) consisting of various fit parameters in a rather restricted voltage range, so that many different curves can model the l/V curves within a moderate variance range. 

Figure 11-9 compares measured (solid lines) and calculated (dotted lines) l-V curves for MEH-PPV devices of about llOnm in thickness, in which the cathode... 

Figure 9-28. Trap-limited current (low ills (solid lines) lo the experimental (symbols) l/V characteristics of two typical devices with a 200 nin and 600 nm thick hole-transport layer and Alq3. Inset shows l/V curves for various different Alq3-lhicknesses. Reproduced front Ref. 82. ...

Figure 15-34. t/V curves of Al/PVK-MDMO-PPV-PCBM/1TO photocells. The concentration of the conventional polymer PVK in the blend is denoted in the ligurc. Tlie devices were illuminated through the ITO side by 41) iiiWA.nr at 4Kb inn. 

Fig. 6 —Detect boundary films by means of the interferometry technique (a) h-v curve follows the Hamrock and Dowson line all the way down to a couple of nanometres when there are few molecules adsorbed on surfaces (b) the curve exhibits a downward turn if the adsorbed layer completely disappears and direct contacts occur (c) the curve levels off due to the existence of thick adsorbed layers.

When silver particles are self-organized in a 2D superlattice on Au(lll) substrate (Fig. IB), the recorded I(V) curve is that given in Figure 9B. For large biases, the detected current is reduced by more than one order of magnitude compared to that observed for isolated particles. This indicates an increase in the ohmic contribution to the current. The... 

When particles are arranged in an FCC structure, as shown in Figure 3, the I V) curve shows a linear ohmic behavior (Fig. 9C). The detected current, above the site point, markedly increases compared to data obtained with a monolayer made of nanocrystals (Fig. 9C). Of course, the dIldV(Y) curve is flat (inset Fig. 9C). This shows a metallic character without Coulomb blockade or staircases. There is an ohmic connection through multilayers of nanoparticles. This effect cannot be attributed to coalescence of nanocrystals on the gold substrate, for the following reasons ... 

Fig. 2. Effects of ion dose density on i-V curves. Cathode catalyst loading = 0.2 mg-Pt/cm, H2/air.

Fig. 3. Effects of catalyst loading on i-V curves of the single cells using (a) the untreated and (b) the treated membrane (5 x 10 ions/cm and 1 keV).

Fig. 88.—The force of retraction and its components dE/dL)T,v (curve A) and —T(dS/dL)T,v (curve B) as obtained through the application of Eqs. (20) and (22) to force-temperature plots at constant elongation, such as are shown in Fig. 87. (Anthony, Caston, and Guth. )...

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