Kythnos

Gaidouromantra, Kythnos island, Greece PV-diesel-battery 8 kW Seasonal... 

Case Study 1 Gaidouromantra, Kythnos Island, Greece... 

Batteries represent the most significant cost factor in small-scale autonomous power systems like the one of Kythnos Island. In the above-described power system a battery bank of units having a capacity of 1000 Ah each is used. The total capacity of batteries is 420 kWh, resulting in a total capital cost of 42,000 (Zoulias and Lymberopoulos, 2007). The estimated lifetime of the battery bank is 5 years. 

The results of the Kythnos system economic analysis, presented in Table 5.2 are also of great interest for our study. According to the economic analysis, the main cost factor for such a hybrid system based on photovoltaic panels is the batteiy bank, followed by the diesel generating set and the PV array, since the lifetime of batteries is relatively limited (around 5 years), therefore the battery bank should be replaced several times during the project. Another important finding of the PV-diesel system economic analysis is high O M and fuel costs, which account for ca. 3616 /ycar. 

Kythnos PV-hydrogen Power System Techno-economic Analysis To asses the economic viability of the proposed PV-hydrogen power system two different scenarios for equipment costs were considered. In the first one, current capital costs for hydrogen energy equipment were taken into account, while in the second one, long-term (2020) forecasts for equipment costs were introduced. 

Figure 6.2. The autonomous PV-diesel hybrid system of Gaidouromantra, Kythnos in...

Figure 1. Lead isotope compositions for ores and slags from Cyprus, Kythnos, and Laurion. The fields overlap in this two-dimensional diagram but can be separated by using all three available lead isotope ratios.

Figure 2, The alternative lead isotope diagram for Cyprus, Kythnos, and...

Figure 3. Stepwise discriminant analysis by M. Pollard of all three measured lead isotope ratios for ore samples from Cyprus, Kythnos, and Laurion ore...

The application of lead isotope analyses to provenancing almost pure copper artifacts seems relatively straightforward in most instances, but what of arsenical copper and tin bronze alloys In principle, the arsenic in arsenical copper may have been derived from high-arsenic minerals (such as tennantite or basic copper arsenates) containing lead of a different isotopic composition from that of the copper ore used to produce the copper. However, absolutely no archaeological or other evidence of proves that this was ever done in the Bronze Age Aegean. On the contrary, at Kythnos definite evidence shows that arsenical copper was produced in EBII times from arsenical copper ores of variable (sometimes zero) arsenic content but of uniform lead isotope composition. 

Since 1982, we have extended our research to the possible sources of copper in Greece and have surveyed many of the known copper deposits for any evidence of Bronze Age exploitation. In this research, perhaps the most rewarding site was discovered on Kythnos. 

Figures 6 and 7 show the lead isotope data for the Kythnos Hoard, a hoard of Early Cycladic tools now held in the British Museum (48), and Early Cycladic daggers from the Ashmoleum Museum collection. All tools from the Kythnos Hoard and 12 out of 17 daggers from Amorgos were consistent with the lead isotope ratio characteristic for Kythnian slag and ore, as seen by comparing Figures 6 and 7.

Accidental smelting of arsenical copper was likely wherever copper was smelted and the ores used happened to contain some arsenic. The widespread early use of arsenical copper could possibly be the result of accidental independent invention in many different copper-producing centers. So far, there is no evidence that copper was produced on Kythnos before or after Early Cycladic II times. 

Many authors have referred to the occurrence of Early Cycladic tin bronze artifacts (e.g. 48, 52), but a closer examination shows that the only tin bronze objects from proven Early Cycladic contexts are those from Kastri on Syros (6, pp. 41-42). Tin bronze was not found at all in our analyses of 31 Early Cycladic objects from Amorgos, Paros, Kythnos, and Chalandriani on Syros (53). 

Figure 6. Lead isotope compositions for the Kythnos Hoard and Early Cycladic copper-based alloy artifacts from Amorgos.

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