Known community sphere

The term cluster is used to describe different entities in various communities, in particular, the terms cluster and nanoparticle are often used interchangeably. We use the word cluster exclusively to describe discrete molecular compounds that have known coordination spheres, atomically... 

Standard latexes, and other reference materials, are available from various organizations [18—24]. One of the calibrations standards available to fineparticle scientists are latex spheres which were made on board the space shuttle in 1985. Because these spheres were formed in the absence of gravity they are perfectly spherical. The National Bureau of Standard makes available standard reference material in the form of ten micron microspheres mounted on glass slides. In the first type of slide a few thousand microspheres are deposited as a regular array on a glass microscope slide. In the other type, the fineparticles are randomly distributed [18]. A series of standard non-spheri-cal fineparticles have been prepared by the Community Bureau of Reference Commission of the European Community for use in comparing the performance of size methods. These reference powders are known as BCR standards and several publications are available describing the use of such reference materials [19]. 

On the subject of how much impact computational chemists have on the scientific community, a quantifiable measure of a person s contribution to a scientific field, besides the physical mass of one s publications, is the number of citations to a person s papers. It is usually assumed that the more popular a new method, or the more valuable new data, the more the work will be used and cited by subsequent authors. Thus, the number of citations has become one of many measures of the scientific community s assessment of the merits of a person s work. However, critics point to various faults with citation frequency data. For example, some scientists can have a profound and lasting influence on a field of research and still not be the most highly cited. Some scientists can be highly cited and not have much influence beyond their own sphere of interest. Self citation can inflate numbers. Another caveat about citation rankings arises from how the ISI database stores a person s identity. If two or more people share the same last name and initial(s), then they could be miscounted as the same person. Conversely, if an author uses two initials in some papers and only one initial in other papers, then that person could be counted as two different individuals. Furthermore, if a person s name changes or if a person s name is misspelled or spelled inconsistently in citations, that person s citations could look misleadingly low. Fortunately, most of the well-known computational chemists have individualistic names. Further discussion of the issues associated with citation analysis can be found elsewhere. Citation frequency in the field of computational chemistry was earlier analyzed in this book series. ... 

We have shown in the preceding section that the rheological properties of particulate-filled molten thermoplastics and elastomers depend on many factors (1) particle size (t/p), (2) particle shape (a), (3) volume fraction of filler (f)), and (4) applied shear rate (y) or shear stress a). The situation becomes more complicated when interactions exist between the particulates and polymer matrix. There is a long history for the development of a theory to predict the rheological properties of dilute suspensions, concentrated suspensions, and particulate-filled viscoelastic polymeric fluids. As early as 1906, before viscoelastic polymeric fluids were known to the scientific community, Einstein (1906,1911) developed a theory predicting the viscosity of a dilute suspension of rigid spheres and obtained the following expression for the bulk (effective) viscosity of a suspension ... 

In the outer-sphere mechanism, the oxidant and the reductant have very little communication. The stable polynuclear complexes, in which a firm ligand bridge is present at the moment of electron transfer, are well known and described. ... 

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