Kirkwood, John

Kirkwood, John Gamble. Diet. Amer. Biog., Supplement 6, 1956-60, 1980, pp. 345-46. 

Edsall, J. T. George Scatchard, John G. Kirkwood, and the electrical interactions of amino acids and proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 7 (1982) 414-416. Eigen, M. Proton transfer, acid-base catalysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 3 (1964) 1-19. 

A native of the state of New Hampshire, Donald Fitts developed an interest in chemistry at the age of eleven. He was awarded an A.B. degree, magna cum laude with highest honors in chemistry, in 1954 from Harvard University and a Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1957 from Yale University for his theoretical work with John G. Kirkwood. After one-year appointments as a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, and as a Research Fellow at Yale s Chemistry Department, he joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, rising to the rank of Professor of Chemistry. 

Schweber and others have argued that quantum chemistry was a quintessentially American discipline, with Mulliken, Slater, Van Vleck, Urey, Pauling, Edward Condon, Oppenheimer, Ralph Kronig, I. I. Rabi, Clarence Zener, David Dennison, Philip M. Morse, Eyring, John G. Kirkwood, George E. 

Let me insert a personal footnote here. These electrostatic effects were first discussed in the chemical literature by Niels Bjerrum (5) in 1923, and in 1938 John Kirkwood and I developed a crude model for such electrostatic systems, and worked out an approximate mathematical theory to put these effects on a quantitative base.f 6,7,8 ... 

RICHARD J. BEARMAN,t JOHN G. KIRKWOOD, and MARSHALL FIXMAN, tt Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University... 

By Richard J. Bear man, John G. Kirkwood, and Alar shall Fixman. 1... 

Kirkwood, J.G. (1954), In McElroy, W.D. and Glass, B. (eds.), A Symposium on the Mechanism of Enzyme Action. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 

During World War II, little or no work was done on solution theory, but after the war, activity began again. Now, the emphasis of many theories began to fall on the properties and usefulness of molecular distribution functions, in particular the pair correlation function. This was due, in part, I believe, to the thesis of Jan de Boer (De Boer 1940,1949). As an aside, I once asked J. E. Mayer why he used the canonical ensemble in his early work on statistical mechanics and the grand ensemble in his later works. He replied, Oh, I switched after I read de Boer s thesis and saw how easy the grand ensemble made things. De Boer s work was for pure fluids, not solutions, and other authors, in particular John G. Kirkwood (Kirkwood 1935), also developed the correlation function method. 

This work on correlation functions, when generalized to mixtures, led to two equivalent, though superficially different, formally exact theories of solutions, due to Joseph Mayer and William McMillan (McMillan and Mayer 1945) and to John Kirkwood and Frank Buff (Kirkwood and Buff 1951). These theories and their experimental consequences form the bulk of the material in the remainder of this book. Before discussing them, however, let us describe several approximate theories, which had a considerable vogue in the 1950s and 1960s but which are not much used nowadays. 

John Gamble Kirkwood Collected Works, I. Oppenheim, (ed.), Gordon Breach, New York, 1967. [Except for entropy conservation, most of the material of the chapter is based on Ref. 1. Kirkwood contributed heavily to numerous aspects of the statistical mechanics of equilibrium and nonequilibrimn systems, including pioneering work in polymer kinetic theory, time correlations, and brownian motion. Some of the most significant papers of Kirkwood and colleagues are reproduced in this book.]... 

A polymer symposium was held in conjunction with the international conference on theoretical physics in Tokyo and Kyoto the invited lectures were delivered by Paul J. Flory, John G. Kirkwood, Akira Ishihara, and Ei Teramoto [15]. 

R. C. Kirkwood, in Pesticides on Plant Surfaces (H. J. Cottrell, ed.). Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, Vol. 18, p. 1, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1987). 

John G. Kirkwood (1907-1959) was the first scientist to develop a complete statistical mechanical theory for liquids. Kirkwood used the concept of the molecular distribution function to develop his liquid state theory during the 1930s and early 1940s. In the next section, we introduce the required background for determining thermodynamic properties of liquids. 

How then can this information about the local structure of fluids be used to determine thermodynamic properties John Kirkwood was able to find an ingenious theoretical path from the pairwise potential of interaction between two particles, u(r), and the pair distribution function to the internal energy and the pressure of liquids. In Section 9.4, we briefly present this theoretical path. Note that it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss the details of Kirkwood s efforts to detennine g(r) with purely theoretical arguments. The interested reader should consult Kirkwood s papers for a detailed exposition of the theory (Further reading). We should also note that pair distribution functions of materials can be readily obtained with diffraction measurements and, as discussed later in the book, using computer simulations. 

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