Kinetics, lithium alloys

Kamlet scale 458 kinetics, lithium alloys 366 ff kinks, lithium deposition 345 Kroger-Vink notation 529... 

Lithium alloys have been used for a number of years in the high-temperature "thermal batteries" that are produced commercially for military purposes. These devices are designed to be stored for long periods at ambient temperatures before use, where their self-discharge kinetic be-... 

There are some other matters that should be considered when comparing metallic lithium alloys with the lithium-carbons. The specific volume of some of the metallic alloys can be considerably lower than that of the carbonaceous materials. As will be seen later, it is possible by selection among the metallic materials to find good kinetics and electrode potentials that are sufficiently far from that of pure lithium for there to be a much lower possibility of the potentially dangerous forma-... 

Anani A., Crouch-Baker S., Huggins RA. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Several Binary Lithium Alloy Negative Electrode Materials at Ambient Temperature. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1987 134 3098-101. 

Anani A, Crouch-Baker S, Huggins RA. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of several binary lithium alloy negative electrode materials at ambient temperature. J Electrochem Soc 1987 134 3098-3102. 

Lithium alloy/metal sulfide batteries employ a molten-salt electrolyte and solid porous electrodes. Depending on electrolyte composition, they operate over a temperature range of 375 to 500°C. Operation at these temperatures with molten-salt electrolytes achieves high power densities, due to the high electrolyte conductivities and fast electrode kinetics. A shift from prismatic battery designs to bipolar designs enhances the power characteristics further by reducing the battery impedance. 

Xianming W, Nishina T, Uchida 1 (2002) Lithium alloy formation at bismuth thin layer electrode and its kinetics in propylene carbonate electrolyte. J Power Sour 104 90-96... 

The excess charge consumed in the first cycle is generally ascribed to SEI formation and corrosion-like reactions of Li C6[19, 66, 118-120]. Like metallic lithium and Li-rich Li alloys, lithiated graphites, and more generally lithiated carbons are thermodynamically unstable in all known electrolytes, and therefore the surfaces which are exposed to the electrolyte have to be kinetically protected by SEI films (see Chapter III, Sec.6). Neverthe-... 

A. Andreasen, Effect of Ti-doping on the dehydrogenation kinetic parameters of lithium aluminum hydride , J. Alloys Compd. 419 (2006) 40-44. 

RE. Pinkerton, Decomposition kinetics of lithium amide for hydrogen storage materials , J. Alloys Compd. 400 (2005) 76-82. 

There were two reasons why Colonius and I were favored to be the first to hit on this very simple reaction in 1930. First, it was just then that lithium was first used for certain technical applications (e.g., as an alloy component for bearing metals), and therefore became easily accessible at a tolerable price. Second, the experiments described under II above had induced us to study the kinetics of certain lithium alkyl reactions. From these we had found that ethyllithium and alkyl halides, especially chlorides, essentially do not react with each other. Therefore the course of our decisive experiments had been predictable (38). This impetus had been necessary to overcome the prejudice about the Wurtz synthesis originating from the textbooks. 

Geronov Y, Zlatilova P, Staikov G. The secondary lithium-aluminum electrode at room temperature II. Kinetics of the electrochemical formation of the lithium-aluminum alloy. J Power Sources 1984 12 155-165. 

An example of the simplest (in the sense of the number of kinetic parameters) electrochemical reaction is reduction of silver ions (Ag+) from a dilute aqueous solution of a well soluble silver salt (e.g., nitrate) in the presence of excess of an indifferent salt (e.g., potassium nitrate) on a liquid silver-mercury alloy (also called amalgam) electrode. Besides the transfer of a single electron, only diffusion steps are involved in this process. The entire reaction can be very well modeled and the kinetic parameters are determined experimentally with high level of accuracy. The information gleaned while analyzing the mechanism of silver ion reduction can be used in elucidating more complex, multi-step, multiphase processes, such as the electrochemical reaction in a lithium-ion cell. 

Ag/AgCl, which indicates the starting potentials of lithium deposition shift to a positive potential resulting from a depolarizing effect for forming alloys. In comparison with the CVs on the other kind of electrodes, the cathodic current is clearly lower on the Al-Cu alloy electrode. Because these electrodes have same exposed surface areas (about 0.3 cm ) except aluminum electrode (about 0.6 cm ), the size of resistance determined the size of the current. The resistance may come from ohmic resistance and mass transfer resistance. In this case, the slower kinetics of lithium deposition on Al-Cu alloy electrode might have the major influence on the current size. 

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