Kinetics explosive crystals

The FXe0S02F had sufficient kinetic stability for crystal growth by sublimation, but the Xe(0S02F)2 decomposed slowly and cleanly to provide the peroxide source of the SO3F radical, first made by F. B. Dudley and G. H. Cady. This route via Xe proved to be a safe and convenient laboratory synthesis for this powerful oxidizer. The perchlorates proved to be dangerously explosive ... 

The dependence type found corresponds well with the ideas about initiation of crystalline materials by impact or shock [101,103,104] (see also Refs. [26,47] and quotations herein) when a molecular crystal receives shock or impact, lattice vibrations (phonons) are excited at first. The phonon energy must then be converted into bond stretching frequencies (vibrons) with subsequent spontaneous localisation of vibrational energy in the nitro (explosophore) groupings [105,106] and then with consequential bond breaking. Conclusions of this type also correspond to an older simplified idea formulated by Bernard [107,108] on the basis of the kinetic theory of detonation the only explosophore groups should be compressed ahead of the shock wave as a result of the activation of explosive molecules. 

Elucidation of the structure of a-tnniirotolaene Kinetics of the nitration of dinitroioluene to trinitrotoluene Explosive properties of TNT Toxicity of a-trinitrotoluene Metabolism of iriniiroiolucne Uns mmctrical isomers of trinitrotoluenes Physical properties Thermochemical properties Heat of crystallization Heat of combustion and of formation Heat of nitration Chemical properties Reactions With alkalis Reaction with sodium sulphite Effect of light... 

The overview given in this article reports on NMR spectroscopy that is still explosively developing. While I was writing this article, papers appeared in the hterature that allow to determine for special molecules their conformations without or with only very few NOEs. The world record in structure determination that has been pubhshed is 4 days [83]. These developments will be essential for NMR to play an important role in the effort to solve protein folds in the post genomic era. At the same time, NMR techniques are being developed that allow to measure unfolded states of proteins [91], including the observation of site specific kinetics [92], Methods are developed also to obtain structures from membrane proteins [93], which are difficult to crystallize for X-ray structure determinations. Therefore, it is no risk to expect that... 

The crystals formed are yellow when cold, becoming orange at room temperature and red when heated. They are kinetically stable in air, but can decompose explosively to the elements if struck or heated. The S—N bond lengths are all the same, but quite short compared with the sum of the covalent radii (162 pm compared with 178 pm). It is difficult to describe the bonding in classical terms, but some possible resonance structures are shown in Figure 12.17b. 

---