Kidney urethra

Bladder Kidney Urethra Penis Testis Vagina... 

This chapter discusses drug s used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain miscellaneous drag > used to relieve the symptoms associated with an overactive bladder (involuntary contractions of the detrusor or bladder muscle). Structures of the urinary system that may be affected include the bladder (cystitis), prostate gland (prostatitis), the kidney, or the urethra (see Pig. 47-1). These drug s also help control the discomfort associated with irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, and endoscopic procedures. 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one or more structures of the urinary tract. The most common structure affected is the bladder, with the urethra, prostate, and kidney also affected (see Pig. 47-1). Display 47-1 identifies the disorder most frequently associated with each of these structures within the urinary system. Clinical manifestations of a UTI of the bladder (cystitis) include urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination, and pain caused by spasm in the region of the bladder and the suprapubic area. 

Cys/tt/sUnflammation of the bladder i/reffirft/sUnflammation of the urethra Prosfaf/f/s-inflammation of the male prostate gland Pyefonephritis-inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis... 

Intravenous pyelogram Radiograph of the urinary tract, including the kidney ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra radiographic... 

Lower tract infections include cystitis (bladder), urethritis (urethra), prostatitis (prostate gland), and epididymitis. Upper tract infections (such as pyelonephritis) involve the kidney and are referred to as pyelonephritis. 

In females, the short length of the urethra and proximity to the perirectal area make colonization of the urethra likely. Bacteria are then believed to enter the bladder from the urethra. Once in the bladder, the organisms multiply quickly and can ascend the ureters to the kidney. 

Urine Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra, [nih]... 

Anisette Doe, a 28-year old woman, went to the emergency department with abdominal bloating and inability to void her bladder she had been unable to urinate for 16 hours. A urinary catheter was inserted and 2.5 L of urine was withdrawn. Subsequent testing revealed no calculi or masses in the bladder, urethra, ureters, or kidneys. Ms. Doe s medical records indicated that she was being treated with clozapine for paranoid schizophrenia. She reported no signihcant side effects as a result of this treatment. For 2 days prior to admission to the hospital, Ms. Doe complained of a cold and was taking diphenhydramine Benadryl)... 

There is no doubt that calculus formed in organs, such as gallstones, kidney stones, and urethra stones, are not formed as indispensable factors in biological activities, unlike teeth, bones, and shells. Instead, these are products of illness, formed by precipitation in the respective organs during the process of excretion of components formed in unnecessary amounts. Clearly, cooperation with protein is not expected in their formation. A wide variety of crystals are known to exist in living bodies due to these processes. 

The renal system consists of the kidneys and their vasculature and innervation, the kidneys each draining through a ureter into a single median urinary bladder, and the latter draining to the exterior via a single duct, the urethra. The kidney has three major anatomical areas the cortex, the medulla, and the papilla. 

Urinary Kidneys, bladder, urethra Balance fluid and remove waste... 

Haematuria - may be caused by inflammation of the bladder or urethra due to cystitis but requires further investigation to exclude a kidney stone or a tumour in the bladder or kidney. 

Lower tract infections include cystitis (bladder), urethritis (urethra), prostatitis (prostate gland), and epididymitis. Upper tract infections (such as pyelonephritis) involve the kidney and are referred to as pyelonephritis. Uncomplicated UTIs are not associated with structural or neurologic abnormalities that may interfere with the normal flow of urine or the voiding mechanism. Complicated UTIs are the result of a predisposing lesion of the urinary tract such as a congenital abnormality or distortion of the urinary tract, a stone, indwelling catheter, prostatic hypertrophy, obstruction, or neurologic deficit that interferes with the normal flow of urine and urinary tract defenses. 

The urinary system removes excess water and nutrients and filters wastes from the circulatory system. Additionally, the urinaiy system aids in red blood cell formation and metabolizes vitamin D. The urinary system s organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. 

When 19 kidneys and urethras removed from 10 patients with Chinese herb nephropathy who required kidney transplantation were examined histologically, there were conclusive signs of neoplasms in 40% (30). 

Urinary tract (includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)... 

Trendelenburg AU, Sutej I, Wahl CA, Molderings GJ, Rump LC, Starke K. A reinvestigation of questionable subclassifications of presynaptic a2-autoreceptors rat vena cava, rat atria, human kidney and guinea-pig urethra. Naunyn Schmiede-bergs Arch Pharmacol 1997 356 721-737. 

Urine—Fluid waste resulting from filtration of blood by the kidneys transferred to the bladder by ureters and expelled from the body through the urethra by the act of voiding or urinating. 

Nielsen 2002). In rats, supplemental silicon (250 mg kg by DM) had no effect on skeletal development. Egg production in chicken receiving a basal diet containing from 0.6 to 143 mg Si kg DM was reduced insignificantly. Supplementation of the hens feed reduced egg production insignificantly (Vogt 1992). Normally, urinary silicon is readily excreted but, under some conditions in grazing steers and sheep, part of the urinary silicon is deposited in the kidneys, bladder, or urethra to form calculi (McDowell 1992). 

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