Kidney mesangial cells

PDE1C2 and PDE4A are expressed. PDE1C2 is found in the cilia of the epithelium, where it colocalizes with adenylyl cyclase. PDE4A is found throughout the epithelial layer, but not in cilia. Therefore, as in the kidney mesangial cells, different PDEs must be working on different cyclic nucleotide pools. More recently, substantial data has been developed for compartmenta-tion of cAMP and PDEs in cardiac myocytes. 

Endothelial cells are the major source of ET-1-synthesis. ET-1 is also produced by astrocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, renal epithelial and mesangial cells. Physiological stimuli of ET-1-synthesis in endothelial cells are angiotensin II, catecholamines, thrombin, growth factors, insulin, hypoxia and shear stress. Inhibitors of ET-1 synthesis are atrial natriuretic peptide, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin. ET-2 is mainly synthesized in kidney, intestine, myocardium and placenta and ET-3 is predominantely produced by neurons, astrocytes and renal epithelial cells. 

Mesangial cells are the smooth muscle-like cells of the capillaries in the glomerulus of the kidney. 

The mesangial cells of the glomerulus and the proximal tubular cells are the first choice targets for renal drug delivery. Both cell types play a central role in many disease processes in the kidney. 

Both the medulla and the cortex of the kidney synthesize prostaglandins, the medulla substantially more than the cortex. COX-1 is expressed mainly in cortical and medullary collecting ducts and mesangial cells, arteriolar endothelium, and epithelial cells of Bowman s capsule. COX-2 is restricted to the renal medullary interstitial cells, the macula densa, and the cortical thick ascending limb. 

Chen Y, Blom IE, Sa S, Goldschmeding R, Abraham DJ, Leask A. CTGF expression in mesangial cells involvement of SMADs, MAP kinase, and PKC. Kidney International 2002, 62, 1149-1159. 

The effects of aluminofluoride complexes on the kidney were studied using glomerular mesangial cells, proximal tubular cells, and inner medullar collecting tubule cells of rat kidney. 

Haugen JD, Donadio JV Jr, Dousa TP. Suppressive effects of fish 177. oil on mesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Kidney... 

Similarly, renal function is markedly affected by the renovascular actions of endothelin [47]. However, the presence of non-vascular endothelin receptor sites in the kidney suggests that endothelin may modulate renal function by a direct action [48]. Indeed, a direct contractile and mitogenic action of ET-1 on mesangial cells has been demonstrated [49]. The different isoforms show different profiles in the kidney. ET-1 increases renal vascular resistance and glomerular filtration rate [50]. ET-3, however, decreases renal flow and GFR at low doses, although higher doses produce effects similar to those seen with ET-1 [51]. 

Coleman D, Ruef C. Interleukin 6 an autocrine regulator of mesangial cell growth. Kidney Int 1992 41 604-611. 

Pawluczyk IZ, Flarris KP. Cytokine interactions promote synergistic fibronectin accumulation by mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1998 ... 

Baud L, Oudinet JP, Bens M, Noe L, Peraldi MN, Etienne J,Ardaillou R. Production of tumor necrosis factor by rat mesangial cells in response to bacterial llpopolysaccharide. Kidney Int 1989 35 1111-1118. 

Baud L, Fouqueray B, Philippe C, Amrani A. Tumor necrosis factor a and mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1992 41 600-603. 

Radeke FI FI, Meier B,Topley N, Floge J, Habermehl GG, Resch K. Interleukin l-P and tumor necrosis factor-o induce oxygen radical formation in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1990 37 767-775. 

Rodriguez-Puyol D, Lamas S, Ollvera A, Lopez-Farre A, Ortega G, Hernando L,and Lopez-Novoa JM. Actlonsof cyclosporin Aon cultured rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 35 632-637,1989. 

Stahl RA, Adler S, Baker PJ, Johnson RJ, Chen YP, Pritzl P, and Couser WG. Cyclosporin A inhibits prostaglandin E2 formation by rat mesangial cells in culture. Kidney Int 35 1161-1167,1989. 

Singhal PC, Gibbons N, Abromovici M. Longterm effects of morphine on mesangial cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Kidney Int 1992 41 1560-1570. 

Green DF, Resnick L, Bourgoignie J. HIV infects glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells but not epithelial cells rnv/fro. Kidney Int 1992 41 956-960. 

Meyer-Lehnert H, Schrier RW. Cyclosporine A enhances vasopressin-induced Ca2-i- mobilization and contraction in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1988 34 89-97. 

Hadad SJ, Souza ER, Ferreira AT, Oshiro ME, Bolm MA, Razvickas CV, Moura LA, Schor N. EK 506 effects on glomerular hemodynamics and on mesangial cells In culture. Kidney Int 1995 48 56-64. 

Savill, J.S., Smith, J., Sarraf, C., Ren, Y., Abbott, F. and Rees, A. (1992b). Glomerular mesangial cells and inflammatory macrophages ingest neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. Kidney Int. 42, 924-936. 

The kidneys have both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supplies whose function appears to be predominantly associated with vasomotor activity. The renal lymphatic drainage includes fine lymphatics in the glomerulus, some m close proximity to the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which are associated with removal of material from the glomerular mesangial cells. ... 

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