Kidney crossed

Laser ablation ICP-MS can be used to obtain spatial maps of elemental composition in tissues. In one study [253], LA-ICP-MS was used for elemental tagging of fish scales, rat kidney cross sections, and examination of the blood/ bone interface in a pig femur. Ca and Mg were used as natural internal standards. 

Contralateral VUR may be present in about 10%-20% of patients with multicystic dysplastic kidney (Fig. 11.29). VUR is also present in a significant number of other uropathies, i.e., horseshoe kidney, crossed fused kidney, UPJ, and UVJ obstruction. Therefore, in any anomaly of this type, a VCU should be advised for a complete workup (Atiyeh et al. 1992 Ring et al. 1993 Song et al. 1995 Avni et al. 1997 Cascio et al. 1999). 

Fig. 19.7a,b. Renal sonography in sickle cell disease, a Increased echogenicity of the medulla with consecutively inverted corticomedullary differentiation. In the absence of hypercalciuria, this pattern is typical for sickle cell nephropathy. b Amplitude-coded color Doppler sonography of the right kidney (cross section) shows a segmental parenchymal area without colour signals (arrow), consistent with a renal infarction in sickle cell disease... 

Eig. 1. Principal cross-section types found in acryhc and modacryhc fibers (a), round (b), kidney bean-shaped (c), dogbone-shaped (d), ribbon-like and... 

Fig. 15. Bicomponent cross-section forms (a) side by side, (b) concentric sheath core, (c) eccentric sheath core, (d) kidney-shaped sheath core, and (e)...

Gross-Sectional Shape. Fibers vary in cross-sectional shape both naturally and by design (1,2,19). Whereas wool fibers are essentially round, cotton fibers are eUiptical or kidney-shaped. In synthetic fibers, the cross-sectional shape is deterrnined by the method of spinning and the shape of the spinnerette hole through which the fiber is extmded (3,22). 

Although the antibacterial spectmm is similar for many of the sulfas, chemical modifications of the parent molecule have produced compounds with a variety of absorption, metaboHsm, tissue distribution, and excretion characteristics. Administration is typically oral or by injection. When absorbed, they tend to distribute widely in the body, be metabolized by the Hver, and excreted in the urine. Toxic reactions or untoward side effects have been characterized as blood dyscrasias crystal deposition in the kidneys, especially with insufficient urinary output and allergic sensitization. Selection of organisms resistant to the sulfonamides has been observed, but has not been correlated with cross-resistance to other antibiotic families (see Antibacterial AGENTS, synthetic-sulfonamides). 

Figure 5,4 Pharmacokinetics. The absorption distribution and fate of drugs in the body. Routes of administration are shown on the left, excretion in the urine and faeces on the right. Drugs taken orally are absorbed from the stomach and intestine and must first pass through the portal circulation and liver where they may be metabolised. In the plasma much drug is bound to protein and only that which is free can pass through the capillaries and into tissue and organs. To cross the blood brain barrier, however, drugs have to be in an unionised lipid-soluble (lipophilic) form. This is also essential for the absorption of drugs from the intestine and their reabsorption in the kidney tubule. See text for further details...

The absorption efficiency term allows estimation of the effective dose or the amount of pollutant which crosses the membrane of the exposed tissue (e.g., the lung) and reaches a target organ (e.g., the liver). For many pollutants this type of metabolic data is not available and consequently 100% absorption is a common preliminary assumption in exposure assessments. For well-studied substances such as radionuclides, a methodology for calculation of target organ doses has been developed for bone marrow, lungs, endosteal cells, stomach wall, lower intestine wall, thyroid, liver, kidney, testes and ovaries as well as for the total body. 

Steroid and thyroid hormones are minimally soluble in the blood. Binding to plasma proteins renders them water soluble and facilitates their transport. Protein binding also prolongs the circulating half-life of these hormones. Because they are lipid soluble, they cross cell membranes easily. As the blood flows through the kidney, these hormones would enter cells or be... 

Bouizar, Z., Fouchereau-Person, M., Taboulet, J., Moukhtar, M.S., and Milhaud, G. (1986) Purification and characterization of calcitonin receptors in rat kidney membranes by covalent cross-linking techniques. Eur. J. Biochem. 155, 141-147. 

Holton The bladder is designed so that substances aren t absorbed from it. When drugs are given through a catheter these are lipophilic substances that will cross epithelia readily. The kidney is designed to create water-soluble substances to be excreted. They tend to be ionized and will not readily be absorbed from the bladder. 

Snitkoff et al. [75] reported the development of an EIA for the detection of ciprofloxacin in serum, which was sensitive at picogram per milliliter levels of the antibiotic and no cross-reaction with its metabolites was observed. Gobbo et al. [118] recently described the production of PAb for ciprofloxacin with the aim of detecting fluoroquinolones in Brazilian livestock. On the other hand, Bucknall et al. [77] produced antibodies for quinolones and fluoroquinolones with the aim of developing both generic and specific immunoassays. ELISAs for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, and nalidixic acid were developed with sensitivity values around 4 pg kg 1 (on both the generic and specific assays) in bovine milk and ovine kidney. 

A cross-jS spine model was proposed for the fibril structure of human /]2-microglobulin (h/]2m) (Ivanova et al., 2004). h/I2m is a 99-amino acid serum protein with a 7-stranded /(-sandwich fold (Fig. 10A Saper et al, 1991). In patients on long-term kidney dialysis, the protein is deposited as amyloid fibrils in the joints (Floege and Ehlerding, 1996 Koch, 1992). In vitro-formed fibrils of h/)2m give a cross-/] X-ray diffraction pattern (Ivanova et al., 2004 Smith et al., 200S). Several studies have shown that segments of h/]2m form amyloid-like fibrils on their own (Ivanova et al., 2003 Jones et al., 2003 Kozhukh et al, 2002). 

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