Ketoprofen process

In addition, certain PhCs (like ketoprofen and diclofenac) can also be eliminated from aquatic environments by the photodegradation processes that take place in surface flow systems [70, 91]. The photo-and biodegradation reactions involved in contaminant removal are promoted by high hydraulic retention times. 

Both O2 and H2O2 can be analyzed in a FIA system consisting of a chemical reactor where the process takes place, a device for sample withdrawal that avoids contact with the atmosphere, injection into a CZE unit, where the analytes become separated in a short time, and an ELD unit for amperometric end analysis. The method was applied for determination of glucose and photochemical deterioration of ketoprofen (70), by measuring the H2O2 generated according to equations 16 and 21, respectively . 

Other drugs are metabolised by Phase II synthetic reactions, catalysed typically by non-microsomal enzymes. Processes include acetylation, sulphation, glycine conjugation and methylation. Phase II reactions may be affected less frequently by ageing. Thus according to some studies, the elimination of isoniazid, rifampicin (rifampin), paracetamol (acetaminophen), valproic acid, salicylate, indomethacin, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam is not altered with age. However, other studies have demonstrated a reduction in metabolism of lorazepam, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ketoprofen, naproxen, morphine, free valproic acid, and salicylate, indicating that the effect of age on conjugation reactions is variable. 

The freeze-drying process has been used to prepare dispersions of ketoprofen and dicumarol in PVP from their ammonical solutions. Similarly, the spraydrying process has been used to prepare dispersions of acetohexamide in PVP and chlorthalidone in pentaerythritol. ... 

The same process occurs when the aromatic moiety contains a (hetero)arylketone chromophore (Monti et al., 1998), as in the case of ketoprofen (Monti et al., 1997 Bosca and Miranda, 1998) suprofen (Sortino et al., 1998b) thiaprofenic acid (Encinas et al., 1998) tolmetin (Sortino et al., 1999a) and ketorolac tromethamine (Gu et al., 1988). The same is true with heterocyclic derivatives such as benoxaprofen (Castell et al., 1992 Moore et al., 1988 Navaratnam et al., 1985) and indomethacin (Vargas et al., 1991), although the latter drug is photostable in the solid state (Ekiz-Guecer et al., 1991). 

The 2-arylpropionic acid class (2-APA) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAlDs) (Table 1) is characterized by each member having an asymmetric carbon a to the carboxylic acid moiety. The R-enantiomer of this chiral center of some 2-APAs may undergo an in vivo inversion to the S-enantiomer. This inversion process varies substantially between the different members of this class and also varies between species of animal studied. The members of this class that are currently in clinical use include ibuprofen, ketoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fenoprofen, and flurbiprofen. The majority are marketed as racemates. Naproxen and its sodium salt are internationally marketed as the pure S(-l-)-enantiomer, while ibuprofen and ketoprofen are now marketed in several European countries as the stereochemically pure S(-l-)-enantiomer. 

With respect to 2-APA NSAIDs, diseases such as diabetes and obesity [162] have also been shown to alter the inversion process. In addition, other disease states such as renal failure may interfere with the inversion. For example, S-ketoprofen and its acylglucuronide accumulate in end-stage renal failure, which is consistent with amplification of chiral inversion subsequent to futile cycling [120]. 

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