Kernels stress cracks

There are several published papers dealing with the modeling of stress cracks in a rice kernel induced by drying. Two complementary approaches are usually used ... 

Gunasekaran, S., Cooper, T., Berlage, A., Krishnan, P., 1987. Image processing for stress cracks in corn kernels. Trans. ASAE 30(1) 266-270. 

Oven-puffed breakfast cereals constitute one of the most important categories. Undoubtedly, the most popular is expanded rice. These products have less expansion compared to products expanded with gun-puffing. The preferred rice is medium or short with intermediate amylose content (15%-20%). Waxy rice is not recommended, nor is milled rice with a high incidence of microfissures or stress cracks and fat content (>0.25%), because it expands less and yields low-quality products. Generally, the kernel expands 2 to 5 times its original volume. The traditional process for oven-puffed rice is depicted in Figure 11.3. The unit operations are practically... 

Surfactants can be produced from both petrochemical resources and/or renewable, mostly oleochemical, feedstocks. Crude oil and natural gas make up the first class while palm oil (+kernel oil), tallow and coconut oil are the most relevant representatives of the group of renewable resources. Though the worldwide supplies of crude oil and natural gas are limited—estimated in 1996 at 131 X 1091 and 77 X 109 m3, respectively [28]—it is not expected that this will cause concern in the coming decades or even until the next century. In this respect it should be stressed that surfactant products only represent 1.5% of all petrochemical uses. Regarding the petrochemically derived raw materials, the main starting products comprise ethylene, n-paraffins and benzene obtained from crude oil by industrial processes such as distillation, cracking and adsorption/desorption. The primary products are subsequently converted to a series of intermediates like a-olefins, oxo-alcohols, primary alcohols, ethylene oxide and alkyl benzenes, which are then further modified to yield the desired surfactants. 

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