Kenaf cellulose

B. Tajeddln, R.A. Rahman, and L.C. Abdulah. The effect of polyethylene glycol on the characteristics of kenaf cellulose/low-density polyethylene biocomposites. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 47, 292-297 (2010). 

B. Tajeddin and L. C. Abdulah. Thermal properties of high density polyethylene-kenaf cellulose composites. Po/ym. Polym. Compos. 18(5), 195-199 (2010). 

B. Tajeddin, R.A. Rahman, and LC. Abdulah, Mechanical and morphological properties of kenaf cellulose/LDPE biocomposites. J. Agric. Environ, sci. 5(6), 777-785 (2009). 

Effect of Kenaf Cellulose Whiskers on Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Nanocomposites Properties... 

Some starch-based materials have found commercial application, however. As shown in Table 2, starch compositions permit controlled release of pesticides in agricultural settings, while kenaf cellulose is a potential source of paper fiber. 

There are several critical issues to consider in this research area. The kenaf fiber must not be degraded by the chemical modification procedures. To maintain the strength of the kenaf fiber, depolymerization or degradation of the cellulose must be avoided. 

Cellulose from flax, hemp, kenaf and sorghum has been investigated by soHd-state NMR, vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. CPMAS C NMR revealed the presence of I-a and I-p forms in all the samples.The progressive loss in the crystalline phase is evidenced by C... 

Stout has written a detailed review on jute and kenaf. X-ray diffraction patterns show the basic cellulose crystal structure, although in jute and kenaf the crystalline orientation is high and the degree of lateral order is lower than in flax. Batra" in a comprehensive review has highlighted the morphological structures and physical, mechanical and chemical properties of other long vegetable fibers. 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,729 [69] describes a similar thermoplastic composition comprising shredded and sheared cellulosic materials (33-59% by weight) such as old newspapers, magazines, kenaf, kraftboard, and so on, HDPE (33-50%), calcium carbonate (11-17%), and a coupling agent (Eusabond lOOD, 2%). 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,138 [101] (by Crane Plastics Company, TimberTech) discloses a cellulosic, inorganic-filled plastic composite, comprising 25-40% of polyethylene, 30-70% of cellulosic material, such as wood fiber, seed husks, rice hulls, newspaper, kenaf, coconut shells, and 1-20% (by weight) of talc. 

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,586,503 [105] and 6,737,006 [106] (both by Correct Building Products) disclose a polypropylene-based composite, comprising polypropylene, preferably reactor flake polypropylene, in amounts of 20-80% by weight, and cellulose fibrous material, such as sawdust, newspaper, alfalfa, straw, cotton, rice hulls, kenaf, and other cellulosics, in amounts of 20-80% by weight. 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,368 [114] describes plastic cellulosic composite pellets comprising 20-60% by weight of polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene, 40-80% of cellulosic fiber (jute, kenaf, sisal, bamboo, rice hulls, corn husks, wood fiber, and wood flour) with an aspect ratio of between 2 and 20 and a trace of mineral coating (talc) dispersed on the surface of the pellet. 

Loading nose, 226, 232, 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 245, 253, 256, 265, 274 Long alkyl chain alkoxysilanes, 172 Long cellulose fiber, 79, 92, 98 Long natural fiber, 110 Abaca, 110 Bast fibers, 110 Cost of, no Cotton, 110 Flax, no Fruit fibers, 110 Hemp, no Henequen, 110 Jute, no Kenaf, 110 Leaf fibers, 110 Mesta, no Nettle, no Pineapple, 110 Ramie, 110 Seed fibers, 110 Sisal, no Stalk fibers, 110... 

The secondary wall found in wood cells is composed of two or three layers, known as SI, S2, and S3, respectively. In each of these layers, the cellulose microfibrils are "spirally-wound" at a different angle to the major axis of the tracheid. This variation in microfibril angle imparts strength to the fiber structure in a variety of directions. Within the bast or schlerenchyma cells found in flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf, the secondary wall is less thick than that of wood, but contains layers of similarly spirally-wound microfibrils embedded in a hemicellulose and pectin-rich matrix. This "composite structure" imparts potentially high strength to regions of the cell wall. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 show a schematic representation of flax fiber and a section of an elementary fiber with its fibrillar structure in its secondary cell wall [31]. 

However, there has been some interesting work in the USA on soybean, as a potential source of TS binder resins. These resins are being developed by the United Soybean Board, St Louis, Missouri, USA, under the name Proteinol. They are made from various waste cellulosic fibers tightly bound with various soy protein/phenolic binder systems. Fillers can be agricultural crop wastes such as wheat straw, corn, bagasse, kenaf, or hemp, forest waste products such as wood fibers, shavings, sawdust or chips, and shredded newsprint, de-inked office paper, and other recycled products. Extruded and compression molded shapes are being produced, which can be nailed, drilled, sawn, routed, sanded, painted and stained. 

Tawakkal, 1. S. M. A., Talib, R. A., Abdan, K., and Ling, C. N. (2012). Mechanical and physical properties of kenaf-derived cellulose (KDC)-filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Bioresmirces. 1,1643-1655. 

Retted fibers such as jute and kenaf have three principal chemical constituents, namely, a-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The lignin can be almost completely removed by chlorination methods in which a soluble chloro-lignin complex is formed, and the hemicelluloses are then dissolved out of the remaining holocellulose by treatment with dilute alkali. The final insoluble residue is the a-cellulose constituent, which invariably contains traces of sugar residues other than glucose. 

Clark and Wolff carried out the first studies on the changes in the chemical composition of kenaf as a function of the growing season [22]. They also studied the chemical differences along the stem and between leaves and stem. This data showed that the pentosans, lignin, and a-cellulose content increases with age, while the protein and hot water extractives content decreases with age. Data taken from the top part of the plant shows similar trends however, the top part has less cellulose, pentosans, and lignin, but higher hot water extractives and protein than the bottom part of the plant (Table 7.4). 

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