K Alkaloids

Tian-Shung W, Li-Shian S, Shang-Chu K. Alkaloids and other constituents from Tribulus terrestris. Phytochemistry 1999 50 1411-1415. 

Waller, G. R. Nowacki, E. K. "Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants" Plenum Press New York, 1978 294 pp. 

WALLER, G.R., NOWACKI, E.K., Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants, Plenum Press, New York. 1978... 

Alkaloid k Straight-phase k Reversed-phase k k Alkaloid straight-phase reversed-phase ... 

Petroski RJ, Powell RG, Clay K. Alkaloids of Stipa robusta (sleepygrass) infected with an Acremonium endophyte. Nat Toxins 1 84-88, 1992. 

Miyakado M, Kato T, Ohno N, Koshimuzi K. Alkaloids of Urginea altissima and their antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora capsid. Phytochemistry 1975 14 2717. Mizuno D, Higuchi K, Sakamoto T, Nakamishi H, Mori S, Nishizawa N. Three nico-tianamine synthase genes isolated from maize are differentially regulated by iron nutritional status. Plant Cell Physiol 2003 44 S148. 

Sauerwein M, Shimomura K. Alkaloid production in hairy roots of Hyoscyamus albus transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Phytochemistry 1991 30 3277-80. 

Robinson, T. Metabolism and function of alkaloids in plants. Science 184, 430-435 (1974) Seigler, D. S, Primary roles for secondary compounds. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 5, 195-199 (1977) Waller, G. R., Nowacki, E. K. Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants. Plenum Press, New York 1978... 

Bernauer, K., Alkaloide aus Calebassencurare und Stidamerikanischen Strychosarten, Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe, 17, 183 (1959). 

A catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective dihydroxylation procedure without the assistance of a directing functional group (like the allylic alcohol group in the Sharpless epox-idation) has also been developed by K.B. Sharpless (E.N. Jacobsen, 1988 H.-L. Kwong, 1990 B.M. Kim, 1990 H. Waldmann, 1992). It uses osmium tetroxide as a catalytic oxidant (as little as 20 ppm to date) and two readily available cinchona alkaloid diastereomeis, namely the 4-chlorobenzoate esters or bulky aryl ethers of dihydroquinine and dihydroquinidine (cf. p. 290% as stereosteering reagents (structures of the Os complexes see R.M. Pearlstein, 1990). The transformation lacks the high asymmetric inductions of the Sharpless epoxidation, but it is broadly applicable and insensitive to air and water. Further improvements are to be expected. 

Thermal and photochemical electrocyclic reactions are particularly useful in the synthesis of alkaloids (W. Oppolzer, 1973,1978 B K. Wiesner, 1968). A high degree of regio- and stereoselectivity can be reached, if cyclic olefin or enamine components are used in ene reactions or photochemical [2 + 2]cycloadditions. 

Yohimbine (104), also from the bark of C.johimbe K Schum. and from the roots of R. serpentina (1. ) Benth. has a folk history (unsubstantiated) of use as an aphrodisiac. Its use has been confirmed experimentally as a local anesthetic, with occasional employment for rehef ia angiaa pectoris and arteriosclerosis, but is frequently contraindicated by its undesired renal effects. Yohimbine and some of its derivatives have been reported as hahuciaogenic (70). In addition, its pattern of pharmacological activities ia a variety of animal models is so broad that its general use is avoided. All ten carbon atoms of secologanin (102) as well as the entire skeleton of tryptamine (98, R = H) are clearly seen as iatact portions of this alkaloid. 

The influence of factor series to electrode characteristics has been established. Dependency of the potential of ISE from concentration of defined substance is linear in interval of concentration l lO - l lO mol/1 at the pH 2,0-6,5. Slopping of the graduated graph form 55-56 mV/pC for single-chai ge cation. Potentiometric factors of the selectivity K,, ISE for alkaloids of Papaver Somnifemm has been determined. 

Guvacoline, CjHjjOjN. K. Hess assigned this name to an alkaloid, obtained by E. Merck from areca nut, which yields a hydrobromide, short prisms, m.p. 144-5°, that he identified with guvacine methyl ester hydrobromide see above). The base is a colourless oil, b.p. 114°/13 mm., which yields a hydrochloride, m.p. 121-2°, a platinichloride, m.p. 211°, and on methylation furnishes a mixture of arecoline methiodide and hydriodide (p. 12). 

Monniera cuneifolia Michx. (Herpestis monniera HB and K. (Scro-phulariaceae). The plant contains alkaloids, of which the chief item, herpestine, has been obtained crystalline. It has the formula C34H4gOjN2, m.p. 116-8°, is diacidic and forms the following salts sulphate, dec. 120°, tartrate, m.p. 209-210°, platinichloride, dec. from 242°, aurichloride, m.p. 210-3° (dec.) (Basu and Walia, Ind. J. Pharm., 1944, 6, 85, 91 Basu and Pabrai, Quart. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1947, 20, 137). 

Ochrosia elliptica Labill. (Bleekaria calocarpa Hassk.). According to Ray-mond-Hamet the pharmacological action of an aqueous extract of the bark of this species does not support the claim that the bark contains quinine though alkaloids are present. ((1) C.R. Soc. Biol., 1940, 133, 262. (2) Jacques, Un arbre k quinquina en NouveUe Caledonie, Noumea, 1937. (3) Greshoft, Meded. uit s Lands Planten, 1890, 7, 59 1898, 25, 130.)... 

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