Japan early developments

Frontier orbital analysis is a powerful theory that aids our understanding of a great number of organic reactions Its early development is attributed to Professor Kenichi Fukui of Kyoto University Japan The application of frontier orbital methods to Diels-Alder reactions represents one part of what organic chemists refer to as the Woodward-Hoffmann rules a beautifully simple analysis of organic reactions by Professor R B Woodward of Harvard University and Professor Roald Hoffmann of Cornell University Professors Fukui and Hoffmann were corecipients of the 1981 Nobel Prize m chemistry for their work... 

Okamura S (1989) A short history of applied radiation polymer chemistry in Japan. In Kroh J (ed) Early developments in radiation chemistry. Royal Soc. Chem., London, 321... 

The noted technical weaknesses are certainly not due to the total neglect of such issues and are probably not unexpected. It simply takes considerable time and effort to develop the technology to exploit the new techniques. Those who started early, developing the techniques to a level where these can be sufficiently controlled for an industrial application, are more likely to win the race to the market place. In the case of medicinal products fi om biotechnology, fermentation technology is an essential element of the technical development. In Japan this has been recognized very early and Japan s breweries have put considerable money into fermentation research. 

A fluidized bed is a second frequently used type of reactor. Early developments include Japan Gasoline Co. (PS-waste), Sumitomo Shipbuilding and Machinery Co. and the University of Hamburg. The latter developments led to the construction of a demonstration plant at Ebenhausen that was halted after being confronted to a number of technical... 

From these early developments the iron and steel industry has grown to a world production of iron ore, based on iron content, exceeded 600 million tonnes in 2000 (Table 14.1). While the major producers of ore are generally also major producers of pig iron, this is by no means universally true. Sweden, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and India each mine and process more iron ore than the pig iron they produce. Japan and Germany currently import nearly all of their iron ore. The U.S. depends on imported ores for about one-third of its requirements, which has been fairly steady for some time. 

Following the early developments in GPT, the application of sensitivity functions for the analysis and optimization of nuclear reactors has been promoted by both the Italian (64,65, 90, 92-95) and the Russian (91, 96-99) schools. Reactor sensitivity studies are arousing renewed interest. These studies are being carried out by groups from Japan (77, ]00, 101), Argonne (48, 66), and, more recently, Oak Ridge (47, 72). 

The third effort in the early development in microemulsion science originated with Saito and Shinoda [18,19] in Japan. In their studies on the temperature-dependent behavior of water-hydrocarbon-polyethylene glycol alkyl (aryl) ether systems, a relationship was observed between the cloud point of the surfactant and the solubilization of the hydrocarbon. For aliphatic hydrocarbons it was found that the solubilization of hydrocarbon... 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

Early demand for chlorine centered on textile bleaching, and chlorine generated through the electrolytic decomposition of salt (NaCl) sufficed. Sodium hydroxide was produced by the lime—soda reaction, using sodium carbonate readily available from the Solvay process. Increased demand for chlorine for PVC manufacture led to the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide as coproducts. Solution mining of salt and the avadabiHty of asbestos resulted in the dominance of the diaphragm process in North America, whereas soHd salt and mercury avadabiHty led to the dominance of the mercury process in Europe. Japan imported its salt in soHd form and, until the development of the membrane process, also favored the mercury ceU for production. 

AH these early inflation processes (41) were difficult to control, and after World War 11 they were neglected until the 1960s. Companies in Japan, the United States, and Europe then started to develop inflated—collapsed rayons (Eig. 5b) for speciaUty papers (42) and wet-laid nonwovens. 

Pepiomycin is marketed in Japan and was in clinical trials in the United States in 1990 lihlomycin is at an early stage of development. Others include taHysomycin A [65057-90-1J, reported in 1977, which was in clinical development at one time (240), and phleomycin [11006-33-0], reported in 1956 (241), which was too toxic for dmg use. 

---