Iwata approach

For tree crops, the EPA recommends the Iwata approach. In this approach, 40 punches are collected for each sample at various heights and at 45° intervals around the circumference of each sampled tree. The sampling design and technique are described below. 

Iwata Y, Arisawa M, Hamada R, Kita Y, Mizutani MY, Tomioka N, Itai A, Miyamoto S. Discovery of novel aldose reductase inhibitors using a protein structure-based approach 3D-database search followed by design and synthesis. J Med Chem 2001 44 1718-28. 

Gunther, F.A., Iwata, Y., Carman, G.E., and Smith, C.A. (1977) The citrus re-entry problem research on its causes and effects and approaches to its minimalization,... 

An alternative approach is to use antibody fragments (the Fab domian) raised against a particular protein. This technique has been used with some success for crystallizing a number of membrane proteins, including the CIC chloride channel (Dutzler et al., 2002), a K+ voltage-dependent channel (Jiang et al., 2003), and a cytochrome c oxidase (Iwata et al., 1995). 

Four other recent works have implemented periodic methodology resembling that in earlier versions of FILMS and GTOFF. These are by Jaffe and Hess [64], Hirata and Iwata [65], and Kudin and Scuseria [66]. The published results fix>m both of the latter two are for ID systems only, except for the very recent paper on UO2 [67]. The Hirata-Iwata effort implements many of the techniques of many-body theory (e.g. coupled cluster) as well as time-dependent DFT. The Kudin-Scuseria work emphasizes order-iV scaling. Finally there is BAND, the periodic counterpart to the well-known ADF molecular DFT code [37]. A detailed comparison is not possible in this space, but broadly the ADF approach is to focus on numerical methods, hence it is complanentary to the GTOFF focus on purely GTO methodology. 

One approach to determining the critical dose of lead that affects postural balance in the occupational setting is the benchmark-dose method in which a concentration of lead results in an increased probability of an abnormal end point—a benchmark response—and thereby places exposed people at increased risk (Iwata et al. 2005). Iwata et al. (2005) defined their benchmark dose level as the 95% lower confidence hmit of the benchmark dose. In 121 lead-exposed workers who had a mean BLL of 40 pg/dL, almost all sway measures were significantly larger than those in controls. The mean benchmark dose level of the current BLL for postural sway was 14.3 pg/dL. 

On-column preparations and closed loops. The use of on-colunm preparations and closed loops as an alternative to reaction vials is another technical solutions (Jewett et al. 1985 Iwata et al. 1995). An example of this approach is the synthesis of [ C]cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride where [ C]carbon dioxide is reacted with cyclohexylmagnesium bromide coated on the internal surface of polypropylene tubing, followed by treatment of the complex with thionylchloride (McCarron et al. 1996). 

FSR Fisheye state routing (Iwata, 1999 Pei, 2000). In FSR, each node maintains a topology map, and link state information is exchanged with neighbors periodically. The frequency with which it occurs depends on the hop distance to the current node. Nearby destinations are updated more frequently whereas for the faraway ones the updates are less frequent Therefore, FSR produces accurate distance and path information about immediate neighborhood, and imprecise information about the best path to a distant node. On the other hand, such an imprecision is compensated for as the packet approaches its destination. 

Ko, I.K., Iwata, H., 2001. An approach to constructing three-dimensional tissue. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 944 (1), 443 55. 

Iwata, C., Akiyama, T, and Miyashita, K. (1988) An approach to the stereoselective synthesis of nidifocene regio- and stereoselective... 

Miyashita, K., Yoneda, K., Akiyama, T., Koga, Y., Tanaka, M., Yoneyama, T., and Iwata, C. (1993) An approach to the stereoselective synthesis of nidifocene. III. Total syntheses of stereoisomers of ( )-nidifocene from ( )-dehalogenonidifocene. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 41, 465-470. 

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