ITO-coated glass

The changes in the optical absorption spectra of conducting polymers can be monitored using optoelectrochemical techniques. The optical spectmm of a thin polymer film, mounted on a transparent electrode, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass, is recorded. The cell is fitted with a counter and reference electrode so that the potential at the polymer-coated electrode can be controlled electrochemically. The absorption spectmm is recorded as a function of electrode potential, and the evolution of the polymer s band stmcture can be observed as it changes from insulating to conducting (11). 

The LB technique is amenable to the fabrication of ECDs as demonstrated by the report of a thin-film display based on bis(phthalocyaninato)praseodymium(III).75 The electrochromic electrode in the display was fabricated by deposition of multilayers (10-20 layers, r+00-200 A) of the complex onto ITO-coated glass (7 x4cm2) slides. The display exhibited blue-green-yellow-red polyelectrochromicity over a potential range of —2 to +2V. After 105 cycles no significant... 

Figure 1 Spectra of iron hexacyanoferrate films on ITO-coated glass at various potentials [(i) +0.50 (PB, blue), (ii) —0.20 (PW, transparent), (iii) +0.80 (PG, green), (iv) +0.85 (PG, green), (v) +0.90 (PG, green), and (vi) +1.20V (PX, yellow) (potentials vs. SCE)] with 0.2 mol dm-3 KC1 + 0.01 mol dm-3 HC1 as supporting electrolyte (reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry from J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.

In the case of the scheme of Fig. 9.18 the primary electrode coul l be a thin film of polymethylthiophene ([C5H7S]jj) deposited on ij ITO-coated glass, the electrolyte can be the usual LiClO -PC solution and the counterelectrode lithium metal (Li), to obtain the following structure ... 

No CdS film can be deposited on a substrate such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass by simply placing it in this solution. Cathodic polarization of the substrate at an appropriately negative potential brings about proton reduction to raise the local pH matched to the applied potential. 

An example "double heterostructure" OLED shown in Figure 7c uses an ITO coated glass substrate, upon which a hole transporting layer, typically composed of a tertiary amine (eg, IV,IV-biphenyl-A IV7-bis(3-methylphenyl)l-l biphenyl-4,4 diamine, abbreviated TPD), a thin film of an emissive material such as aluminum-8-hydroxyquinoline(Alq3) and an electron-transporting layer (often an oxidiazole derivative) are sequentially deposited in vacuum (Fig. 

A typical experimental apparatus for studying photorefractivity in liquid crystals is illustrated in Fig. 2. Two coherent laser beams from an Ar+ laser are crossed in the sample, with a total of 5 mW of p-polarized output at 514 nm. The beams are unfocused and have a 1/e diameter of 2.5 mm. The liquid crystal composite is sandwiched between two ITO coated glass slides that are coated with octadecyl-silyl groups to induce the liquid crystal director to align perpendicular to the face of the glass slides, that is, homeotropic alignment [43], The cell thickness is determined by a Teflon spacer that is 12 to 100 p,m thick. A small electric field... 

Microchannels have also been directly patterned on SU-8 photoresist [232-234,892]. Multilevel structures were fabricated using the SU-8 photoresist [232]. In another report, the SU-8 photoresist was spun (1250 rpm for 30 s) on an ITO-coated glass plate, which was first treated by an 02 plasma to increase the adhesion of SU-8 on ITO. The photoresist channel was of ribbon-like structure with triangular ends (40 pm height, 10 mm width and 90 mm length). The channel was bonded by hot-pressing to another ITO glass on top of the photoresist structures [892]. SU-8 photoresists have also been used to create multilayered... 

Figure 5.7 SEM images of a single bilayer of P3HT-co-P3(ODAP)HT/CdSe(MHT), deposited on an oxidized silicon substrate (left) or on an ITO-coated glass substrate (right).

Spectroscopic Measurements. A Beckman Model 5230 spectrophotometer was used to record in situ UV-visible spectra of the PPy films, which were electrochemically deposited on the indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass (Delta Technologies). For Raman measurements a Spex Model 1403 double spectrometer, a DM IB Datamate, and a Houston Instrument DMP-40 digital plotter were employed. Details of the experimental setup for in situ Raman spectroscopy are described elsewhere (26). 

UV-Visible and Raman Spectroscopies. In situ UV-visible absorption spectra of a 5000 A PPy-GOD film, which was formed on an ITO coated glass, were recorded in the PB solution (pH 7.4). The spectra recorded at both the oxidation (0.4 V) and the reduction (-1.0 V) potentials showed an absorption peak near 380 nm, which is due to the PPy. When the PPy was reduced at -1.0 V, the absorbance in the wavelength range of 500-800 nm decreased, and the absorbance at 380 nm increased. The observed spectral changes of the PPy-GOD film during the redox reaction were similar to those of the PPy film doped with C104" (PPy-C104) (27). 

Electroluminescence (EL) spectra of P-l-P-4 are given in Fig. 6 [29,30]. The EL spectra of the polymers were obtained for the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated between the indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass anode and the aluminum cathode. For P-l-P-3, their organic soluble precursor polymers were coated onto the ITO-coated glass and they were subjected to thermolysis at 270 °C for 12 h to convert them into the final polymers. And then aluminum cathode was vacuum deposited on the polymer films. P-4 obtained by base-catalyzed polymerization of the bis-bromomethyl monomer was organic soluble and, thus,... 

The OLEDs were fabricated on the pre-patterned, pre-cleaned indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. The substrates were patterned using standard photolithography technique and then cleaned with soap solution followed by boiling in trichloroethylene and isopropyl alcohol. The films were finally dried under vacuum. After cleaning the... 

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