Isobutyric acid, alkylation

Irradiation apparatus, 51, 133 Irradiation, of bicyclo[2.2.1] hepta-2,5-diene to give quadricyclane, 51, 133 W-Isobutylaniline, 53, 127 Isobutyric acid, alkylation,... 

Tannin solutizer process. In this process, alkyl phenols or isobutyric acid is used in combination with tannic acid and caustic solution. The spent tannin solution is again regenerated by air blown into the solution. 

Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA, Creger s base ) was introduced in 19677 in an important paper describing alkylations of the dianion of isobutyric acid in tetrahydrofuran-heptane (1 5), with acceptable yields. 

N-Unsubstituted and iV-benzyl-l,2-thiazetidin-3-one 1,1-dioxides are available by ring closure of 2-(chlorosulfo-nyl)-2-methylpropionyl chloride, which can itself be obtained from isobutyric acid in improved yields up to 60%. N-Alkylated derivatives 52 have been synthesized in 43-91% yield using sodium hydride in DMF and bromo compounds bearing electron-withdrawing substituents in the cr-position (Scheme 57) <1997HCA671>. 

Alkylation of dialkylacetic acids.lab A dialkylacetic acid, for example isobutyric acid, is converted into the sodium salt by treatment with sodium hydride in THF. Treatment with lithium diisopropylamide then forms the metalated derivative (1), which is then alkylated to give an alkyldimethylacetic acid (2). In the original... 

In the first column the normal acids are given. It is seen that formic acid is a much stronger acid than acetic acid, which is but slightly more ionized than propionic acid. The alkyl radicals do not appear to differ markedly in chemical nature. The constants of butyric and isobutyric acid, which are given in the last column, are very nearly alike. 

Acetic acid, cellulose ester. See Cellulose acetate Acetic acid, cobalt (2+) salt, tetrahydrate. See Cobalt acetate (ous) Acetic acid, decyl ester, branched. See Cl 0 alkyl acetate Acetic acid, dimethyl-. See Isobutyric acid Acetic acid-1,3-dimethylbutyl ester. See Methyl amyl acetate Acetic acid-2,6-dimethyl-m-dioxan-4-yl ester Acetic acid, ester with 2,6-dimethyi-m-dioxan-4-oi. See 6-Acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane Acetic acid esters of mono- and digiycerides Acetic acid esters of mono-and digiycerides of fatty acids. SeeAcetylated mono- and digiycerides of fatty acids... 

Eq. 25) [295]. A similar mechanism has also been proposed for the electrolysis of isobutyric and pivalib acid in acetonitrile [296]. As the intermediate alkyl cation can rearrange and the intermediate iminium cation can furthermore react with the starting carboxylic acid three different amides can be isolated (Eq. 26) [295 a]. The portion of the diacylamide can be considerably increased if the electrolyte consists of acetonitrile/ acetic acid [295 b]. 

Although Ce(IV) oxidation of carboxylic acids is slow and incomplete under similar reaction conditions , the rate is greatly enhanced on addition of perchloric acid. No kinetics were obtained but product analysis of the oxidations of -butyric, isobutyric, pivalic and acetic acids indicates an identical oxidative decarboxylation to take place. Photochemical decomposition of Ce(IV) carbo-xylates is highly efficient unity) and Cu(ll) diverts the course of reaction in the same way as in the thermal oxidation by Co(IIl). Direct spectroscopic evidence for the intermediate formation of alkyl radicals was obtained by Greatorex and Kemp ° who photoirradiated several Ce(IV) carboxylates in a degassed perchloric acid glass at 77 °K in the cavity of an electron spin resonance spectro-... 

The 1 1 adducts of various carboxylic acids and styrene, vinyl ethers, and isobutene have been isolated and used as initiators in the presence of Lewis acid activators. The polymerization rates correlate with the basicity of the leaving groups. However, isobutene polymerizes =103 times slower when initiated by pivalates and isobutyrates in the presence of BC13 than when initiated by acetates, even though they have similar pKa values [106]. Coordination of the covalent adducts with BC13 is evidently hindered when the alkyl substituents are bulkier. More detailed studies on vinyl ether polymerizations using a series of substituted benzoates demonstrate that the pKa values of the parent acid affects both the initiation rate and dynamics of ionization, and therefore the ability to prepare well-defined polymers [107]. 

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