Iron artifact

Trace element analysis of entrapped slag inclusions in iron artifacts Nd YAG 266 nm ICP-Q-MS Quantitative analysis of ores and of slag inclusions present in iron artifacts from Gallo-Roman ironmaking centers for provenancing Coustures et al. [64]... 

The extraction of iron became widespread much later, presumably because a much higher temperature is required to produce workable iron on account of its relatively high melting point. A fiimace into which air is fed by bellows has to be used (Figure 1.1). It is not until 1000 BC that iron artifacts become common in the archaeological record. 

Degryse, P., Schneider, J Kellens, N Muchez, Ph., Haack, U., Loots, L and Waelkens, M. (2007) Tracing the resources of iron working at ancient Sagalassos a combined lead and strontium isotope study on iron artifacts and ores. Archaeometry,... 

The heightened appreciation of resonance problems, in particular, has been quite recent [63, 62], and contrasts the more systematic error associated with numerical stability that grows systematically with the discretization size. Ironically, resonance artifacts are worse in the modern impulse multiple-timestep methods, formulated to be symplectic and reversible the earlier extrapolative variants were abandoned due to energy drifts. 

The use of microbial siderophores by dicotyledonous plants appears to involve uptake of the entire metallated chelate (42-44), or an indirect process in which the siderophore undergoes degradation to release iron (45). As demonstrated in initial studies examining this question, there was concern that iron uptake from microbial siderophores may be an artifact of microbial iron uptake in which radiolabeled iron is accumulated by root-colonizing microorganisms (46). Consequently, evidence for direct uptake of iron from microbial siderophores has required the use of axenic plants. In experiments with cucumber, it was shown that the microbial siderophore ferrioxamine B could be used as an iron source at concentrations as low as 5 pM and that the siderophore itself entered the plant (42). 

Crystalline Iron ore gemstone, making lithic artifacts... 

Knox, R. (1987), On distinguishing meteoritic from man made nickel-iron in ancient artifacts, Museum Appl. Sci. Center Archaeol.. 4(4), 178-184. 

Efforts to measure Mo isotope variations, using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), can be traced back to the early 1960s. Early studies were provocative Murthy (1962 1963) reported that the Mo isotope composition in some iron meteorites deviated from that of others, and from terrestrial Mo, by 10 %o/amu, while Crouch and Tuplin (1964) reported mass dependent variations and mass independent isotopic anomalies among terrestrial molybdenites. As discussed below, Wetherill (1964) subsequently demonstrated isotopic uniformity among iron meteorites to better than 1 %o/amu. It is likely that earlier reports were affected by analytical artifacts due to inadequate correction of Mo isotope fractionation during analysis. 

The exact history of the discovery of iron is unclear. There is a reference in the Old Testament mythology of Genesis that refers to a descendant of Adam as an iron instructor of every artificer in brass and iron. Archeological artifacts made from smelted iron are known from about 3000 bce. Iron seems to have been introduced as the last stage in the age of met-... 

Pseudomonas roseus fluorescens (288), Pseudomonas GH (324) and Erwinia rhapontici (113) produce pro-ferrorosamine A (81), also named pyrimine, which forms a red (Fe )Lig3 complex. Under acidic conditions, an open form of pro-ferrorosamine A prevails, which cannot bind Fe " (Cliart 5). Pro-ferrorosamine B is probably an artifact produced by condensation of pro-ferrorosamine A with CHO-COOH. Pro-ferrorosamine A is essential for iron uptake by Pseudomonas (367) and for the pathogenicity of Erwinia (114). 

Archaeomagnetism can be considered a branch of Paleomagnetism specifically devoted to the dating of archaeological materials from the measurement of the remanent magnetization achieved by the iron oxide impurities present in clay after cooling of the ceramic artifact. This recording mechanism primarily provides information on the direction of the Earth s field at the time the artifact was fired or the kiln was last used. 

The few reported cases concerning other metals, like zinc, aluminum, and magnesium, attest their susceptibility to corrosion due to volatile compounds in the museum environment [271]. Iron is naturally vulnerable to atmospheric corrosion whatever the pollutants, and the conservation of ferrous artifacts implicates a precise control of relative humidity, often requiring a surface protection like varnish, wax, or oil [272]. 

One important application of electrolytic treatment is the removal of harmful anions, such as chloride and sulphide, from the mineralized archaeological artifacts. The negative polarization of the system repels the negatively charged species out of the cathode. The process is often accompanied by the formation of either gas or soluble species in the electrolyte. This kind of treatment was carried out to increase the rate of extraction of chlorides from iron (see Fig. 6.1) [295], copper [296], and aluminium [297] mineralized objects. 

Applied research recently reported in the literature has been conducted mostly on marine iron wrecks, aiming at evaluating the efficiency of chloride removal from the artifacts from a marine site under cathodic polarization [301] as well as the use of impressed current-cathodic protection to conserve parts of the first ironclad warship [302]. 

In the process, the iron is reduced to the ferrous form. Ferric cytochrome c is reduced by nitric oxide through a nitrosyl intermediate to produce ferrous cytochrome c and nitrite (Orii and Shimada, 1978). The nitrosyl cytochrome c absorbs at 560 nm, which is slightly higher than the 550-nm peak observed for reduced cytochrome c. Nitric oxide may be an interference in the assay of superoxide from cultured cells by the cytochrome c method. When nitric oxide reacts with cytochrome c, there is an initial decrease in absorbance at 550 nm as the nitrosyl complex is formed followed by a rise in absorbance as the complex decomposes to nitrite and reduced cytochrome c. This is a potential artifact in studies measuring the release of superoxide from cultured endothelial cells or other cells that make nitric oxide. 

Ratios of FeO (total iron expressed as FeO) to MgO versus silica in Mars rocks and soils. A diagonal line separates tholeiitic (TH) from calc-alkaline (CA) rocks tholeiitic magmas are anhydrous and calc-alkaline magmas are hydrous. All the Mars rocks plot in the tholeiitic field, as do GRS data (MgO was calculated from the Mg/Si ratio in Fig. 11.19). TES-derived data plot in the calc-alkaline field, but this is an artifact of alteration. After McSween et al. (2009). 

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